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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Urol. 2016 Nov 23;72(3):448–454. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.017

Table 5 –

Clinical consequences showing the number of biopsies that could be avoided for initial surveillance biopsy or subsequent surveillance biopsy

HGC probability Biopsies High-grade cancers Primary Gleason 4 cancers
Performed Avoided Found Missed Found Missed
Initial surveillance biopsy
Biopsy all 1000 0 214 0 44 0
Initial biopsy: risk by clinical variables + PSA
 >5% 943 (896–970) 57 (30–104) 214 (157–284) 0 (0–24) 44 (21–88) 0 (0–24)
 >10% 761 (689–821) 239 (179–311) 201 (146–270) 13 (3–45) 44 (21–88) 0 (0–24)
 >15% 509 (432–586) 491 (414–568) 164 (114–229) 50 (26–96) 38 (17–80) 6 (1–35)
Initial biopsy: risk by clinical variables + 4K
 >5% 956 (912–979) 44 (21–88) 214 (157–284) 0 (0–24) 44 (21–88) 0 (0–24)
 >10% 748 (676–809) 252 (191–324) 195 (141–263) 19 (6–54) 44 (21–88) 0 (0–24)
 >15% 522 (445–598) 478 (402–555) 182 (130–250) 31 (14–71) 44 (21–88) 0 (0–24)
Subsequent surveillance biopsies
Biopsy all 1000 0 147 0 47 0
Risk by clinical variables + PSA
 >5% 844 (789–886) 156 (114–211) 147 (105–201) 0 (0–18) 47 (26–85) 0 (0–18)
 >10% 692 (627–750) 308 (250–373) 133 (93–185) 14 (5–41) 43 (23–79) 5 (1–26)
 >15% 445 (380–513) 555 (487–620) 109 (74–158) 38 (19–73) 43 (23–79) 5 (1–26)
Risk by clinical variables + 4K
 >5% 848 (794–890) 152 (110–206) 142 (101–196) 5 (1–26) 47 (26–85) 0 (0–18)
 >10% 654 (588–715) 346 (285–412) 133 (93–185) 14 (5–41) 47 (26–85) 0 (0–18)
 >15% 408 (344–475) 592 (525–656) 100 (66–147) 47 (26–85) 38 (19–73) 9 (3–34)

HGC = high-grade cancer.

Results are presented as the number (95% confidence interval) per 1000 men.