Figure 2.

3D magnetic device characterization. (a) Configuration of magnetic poles. Red arrows indicate magnetic flux direction along each pole. (b) Simulated magnetic field under 3 A actuation plotted in X‐Y, X‐Z, and Y‐Z planes as shown in (a). (c) Simulated magnetic field along X, Y, and Z axes as shown in (a). The two vertical dash lines indicate a linear magnetic field in the X axis (i.e., uniform magnetic field gradient). (d) Linear fitting result of the region shown in (c). (e) Uniform magnetic field gradient workspace. (f) Experimentally characterized magnetic force-driving current data. Error bars represent s.d.