Table 1.
Ongoing clinical trials in brain tumours
| Therapy | Cancer type | Phase | NCT identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personalized neoepitope-based vaccine | Recurrent paediatric brain tumours | I | NCT03068832 (ref.[211]) |
| Personalized neoantigen DNA vaccine in combination with immune checkpoint blockade therapy | Newly diagnosed, unmethylated glioblastoma | I | NCT04015700 (ref.[212]) |
| IDO inhibitor (indoximod) in combination with the chemotherapy temozolomide | Progressive primary malignant paediatric brain tumours | I | NCT02502708 (ref.[53]) |
| Anti-LAG3 +/− anti-PD1 therapy nivolumab | Recurrent glioblastoma | I | NCT02658981 (ref.[168]) |
| Anti-TIM-3 monoclonal (TSR-022) +/− nivolumab | Advanced solid tumours | I | NCT02817633 (ref.[169]) |
| Personalized neoantigen-based vaccine + nivolumab, | Newly diagnosed, unmethylated glioblastoma | I | NCT03422094 (ref.[213]) |
| EGFRvIII-specific CAR T cells + anti-PD1 therapy pembrollizumab | Newly diagnosed, unmethylated glioblastoma | I | NCT03726515 (ref.[214]) |
| EGFR806-specific CAR T cells in combination with locoregional immunotherapy (EGFR 806 is a monoclonal antibody recognizing EGFRvIII and a subset of overexpressed wild type EGFRs) | EGFR-positive recurrent or refractory paediatric CNS tumours | I | NCT03638167 (ref.[215]) |
| HER2-specific CAR T cells in combination with locoregional immunotherapy | HER2-positive recurrent or refractory paediatric CNS tumours | I | NCT03500991 (ref.[216]) |
| HER2-specific CAR T cells | HER2-positive CNS tumours | I | NCT02442297 (ref.[217]) |
| IL-13Rα2-specific CAR T cells | Recurrent or refractory malignant glioma | I | NCT02208362 (ref.[218]) |
| CMV pp65 peptide DC vaccine | Recurrent medulloblastoma or malignant glioma | I | NCT03299309 (ref.[219]) |
| CMV pp65 peptide DC vaccine in combination with nivolumab | Recurrent brain tumours | I | NCT02529072 (ref.[220]) |
| IDH1 peptide vaccine | Recurrent grade II glioma | I | NCT02193347 (ref.[221]) |
| Personalized peptide vaccine in combination with TTFields | Glioblastoma | I | NCT03223103 (ref.[222]) |
| Tumour antigen-loaded DC vaccine | Brain tumours | I | NCT03914768 (ref.[223]) |
| IDO inhibitor in combination with temozolomide | Primary malignant brain tumours | I and II | NCT02052648 (ref.[54]) |
| IDO inhibitor (Epacadostat) in combination with nivolumab | Select advanced cancers including brain tumours | I and II | NCT02327078 (ref.[55]) |
| Arginase inhibitor (INCB001158) +/− immune checkpoint blockade therapy | Advanced or metastatic solid tumours | I and II | NCT02903914 (ref.[58]) |
| Autologous CMV-specific CTLs in combination with temozolomide | Glioblastoma | I and II | NCT02661282 (ref.[176]) |
| Nivolumab | IDH-mutant gliomas with and without hypermutator phenotype | II | NCT03718767 (ref.[97]) |
| WT1 peptide vaccine (DSP-7888) in combination with bevacizumab (Anti-VEGFA) | Recurrent or progressive glioblastoma following initial therapy | II | NCT03149003 (ref.[224]) |
| Tumour lysate-pulsed DC vaccine | Brain tumours | II | NCT01204684 (ref.[225]) |
| CMV RNA-loaded DC vaccine | Newly diagnosed WHO Grade IV unmethylated glioma | II | NCT03927222 (ref.[226]) |
| CMV RNA-loaded DC vaccine +/− anti-CD27 therapy varlilumab (to deplete Treg cells but also enhances activation via other mechanisms) | Glioblastoma | II | NCT03688178 (ref.[227]) |
| Temozolomide in combination with radiation +/− nivolumab | Newly diagnosed, unmethylated glioblastoma | III | NCT02667587 (ref.[148]) |
| Nivolumab or temozolomide in combination with radiation | Newly diagnosed, unmethylated glioblastoma | III | NCT02617589 (ref.[147]) |
CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DC, dendritic cell; EGFRvIII, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; IDO, indolamine 2,3 -dioxygenase; IL-13Rα2, interleukin 13 receptor α2; LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; PD1, programmed cell death protein 1; TIM3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3; TTFields, tumour treating fields; WHO, World Health Organization; WT1, Wilms tumour 1.