Table 2.

Within-case matrix (example from the Urbanscope case).

Phases	Roles	Critical Factor
Data acquisition	Need for a negotiator to acquire data in a sustainable and secure way.	Need to ensure continuity in data collection
Data analysis	High need for a person to take on the role of interacting with the policy-maker and gain a better understanding of the data that are relevant	Lack of clarity concerning the policy requirement
Data integration and fusion	Need for a person with the role of capturing relationships and the potential of data in decision making	Scattered data which had never been collated, meaning that the policy-makers were unprepared to cope with complex analyses
Modelling and visualization	Need for people with the role of selecting the best communication tool to stimulate the policy-makers’ ideas	Compress multiple dimensions in a simple way