Table 2. Chlorogenic acid modulates pain and inflammation in vivo in rodent models.

	Compound	Method	Model	Dose	Response	Refs.
Anti-inflammatory effects	CGA	Piroxicam (NSAID)-induced ulcer	Rats	5, 25, and 50 mg/kg	Gastroprotective effect without altering the secretory functions; inhibited neutrophil migration; restored levels of antioxidant enzymes; blocked increase in TNF-α and leukotriene β4; did not restore prostaglandin levels	[148]
	CGA	Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity	Mice	10, 20, and 40 mg/kg	Reduced acetaminophen-induced TLR-3/4 and MyD88 expression; attenuated serum levels and liver mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6	[43]
	CGA	LPS-induced inflammation	Mice	50 mg/kg	Decreased neutrophil infiltration in the liver; modulated TLR-4, TNF-α, and NF-κB signaling	[44]
Pain modulatory effects	CGA	CCI	Rats	0.5, 1, and 2 mg in 10 μL	Reduced mechanical and cold hyperalgesia; no effect on thermal hyperalgesia	[96]
	CGA	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy	Rats	100 mg/kg	Antihyperalgesic; chronic treatment reduced diabetes-induced hyperalgesia	[94]
	CGA	CCI	Rats	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	Inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia; antihyperalgesic activity without impairing motor coordination	[95]
	CGA	Carrageenan-induced paw edema, formalin test	Rats	10, 50, and 100 mg/kg	Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive	[17]
	Caffeic acid	Carrageenan-induced inflammation	Mice and Rats	200 mg/kg	Antihyperalgesic; reduced neutrophil-, free radical-, and nitric oxide-mediated hypernociception	[114]
	Ferulic acid	CCI	Rats	50 mg/kg	Antihyperalgesic; decreased P2X3 receptor-mediated primary afferent sensitization	[115]
	CGA isolated from aqueous fraction of Bidens pilosa	LPS-induced knee joint inflammation, CFA-induced arthritis	Rats	2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg	Anti-inflammatory; inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β production	[97]
	Methanol fraction of Cheilanthes farinose	Carrageenan-induced inflammation, formalin test, tail-flick test	Mice	200 and 400 mg/kg	Strong anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive	[24]
	Cnidium officinale extracts	Spared nerve injury, plantar incision, and ovariectomy rat model of menopausal pain	Rats	30, 100, and 300 mg/kg	Antihyperalgesic; attenuated hypersensitivity in all pain models; decreased mechanical hyperalgesia; inhibited proinflammatory cytokines and calpain-3 in dorsal root ganglia neurons	[91]
	Mansoa alliacea extract	CFA-induced inflammatory pain model	Mice	10  and 100 mg/kg	Antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive; reversed thermal hyperalgesia, but did not reduce the CFA-induced edema nor myeloperoxidase activity	[93]
	Ethanolic fraction of Urtica circularis	Formalin test, hot plate test, acetic acid stretch test	Mice	10–300 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg (per os)	Antinociceptive in the acid stretch test and formalin test	[20]