Table 3.
Life-Course SES and Biological Markers: Psychosocial and Bio-behavioral Mechanisms
| Independent Variables | C-reactive protein | Metabolic disorder | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Add Health | MIDUS | HRS | Add Health | MIDUS | HRS | |
| Early-life SES | 0.93 | 1.17 | 0.98 | 0.97* | 0.94 | 0.98† |
| (0.85–1.02) | (0.92–1.50) | (0.90–1.06) | (0.93–0.99) | (0.87–1.03) | (0.96–1.00) | |
| Education (ref. HS) | ||||||
| Less than HS | 1.06 | 1.29 | 1.30*** | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| (0.82–1.37) | (0.38–4.43) | (1.13–1.49) | (0.87–1.02) | (0.69–1.42) | (0.98–1.04) | |
| Some college | 0.91 | 1.18 | 1.41** | 0.91*** | 1.05 | 0.94† |
| (0.79–1.06) | (0.76–1.81) | (1.12–1.79) | (0.87–0.96) | (0.91–1.19) | (0.88–1.01) | |
| College + | 0.91 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 0.85*** | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| (0.77–1.08) | (0.48–1.14) | (0.81–1.07) | (0.80–0.90) | (0.80–1.11) | (0.96–1.04) | |
| Income (ref. 2nd–3rd quartile) | ||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.99 |
| (0.87–1.17) | (0.69–1.43) | (0.91–1.19) | (0.95–1.06) | (0.91–1.17) | (0.96–1.02) | |
| 4th quartile | 0.99 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
| (0.86–1.15) | (0.55–1.17) | (0.84–1.12) | (0.89–1.01) | (0.88–1.14) | (0.93–1.01) | |
| Assets (ref. 2nd–3rd quartile) | ||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.01 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
| (0.90–1.14) | (0.81–1.69) | (0.91–1.23) | (0.97–1.06) | (0.87–1.13) | (0.95–1.02) | |
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.95*** |
| (0.87–1.16) | (0.66–1.46) | (0.86–1.10) | (0.94–1.07) | (0.82–1.08) | (0.92–0.98) | |
| Female | 2.35*** | 2.41*** | 1.24*** | 0.92*** | 0.77*** | 0.95** |
| (2.12–2.61) | (1.78–3.26) | (1.11–1.38) | (0.88–0.95) | (0.70–0.86) | (0.93–0.98) | |
| Age | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.03*** | 1.02*** | 1.01*** |
| (0.98–1.04) | (0.98–1.02) | (0.99–1.01) | (1.02–1.04) | (1.01–1.02) | (1.00–1.01) | |
| Race (ref. white) | ||||||
| Black | 0.93 | 0.65 | 1.25* | 1.12*** | 0.84 | 1.05* |
| (0.80–1.09) | (0.27–1.58) | (1.04–1.50) | (1.07–1.17) | (0.59–1.20) | (1.01–1.10) | |
| Hispanic | 1.08 | 0.98 | 0.70* | 1.07** | 0.81 | 1.05 |
| (0.94–1.24) | (0.50–1.92) | (0.52–0.92) | (1.02–1.13) | (0.60–1.08) | (0.97–1.13) | |
| Early life self-rated health | 0.99 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
| (0.93–1.05) | (0.93–1.29) | (0.94–1.07) | (0.97–1.00) | (0.95–1.07) | (0.99–1.03) | |
| Social isolation | 1.12 | 0.74 | 1.10 | 1.01 | 0.93 | 0.98 |
| (0.99–1.28) | (0.49–1.13) | (0.98–1.23) | (0.97–1.06) | (0.80–1.08) | (0.96–1.01) | |
| CES-D | 0.99 | 1.04* | 1.05** | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01** |
| (0.98–1.01) | (1.01–1.07) | (1.02–1.09) | (0.99–1.00) | (0.98–1.01) | (1.00–1.02) | |
| PSS | 1.00 | 0.95** | 0.99 | 1.01† | ||
| (0.98–1.03) | (0.92–0.98) | (0.98–1.00) | (1.00–1.03) | |||
| Current smoker | 1.11 | 1.37 | 1.32*** | 1.07** | 1.22* | 1.02 |
| (0.97–1.25) | (0.86–2.18) | (1.19–1.46) | (1.01–1.13) | (1.05–1.42) | (0.99–1.05) | |
| Physical activity | 0.93*** | 0.96* | 0.89*** | 0.96*** | 0.99† | 0.98** |
| (0.90–0.96) | (0.93–1.00) | (0.86–0.93) | (0.96–0.97) | (0.98–1.00) | (0.97–0.99) | |
| BMI | 1.14*** | 1.17*** | 1.08*** | 1.05*** | 1.07*** | 1.03*** |
| (1.13–1.15) | (1.14–1.20) | (1.07–1.09) | (1.04–1.05) | (1.06–1.08) | (1.03–1.04) | |
Note. Standard errors in parentheses.
***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05. †p < .1.