Table 2.
Bivariate Associations Between Race/Ethnicity, Chronic Stress Exposure, and Stress Appraisal, Health and Retirement Study, 2006 (n = 6,567)
| White | Black | U.S.-born Hispanics | Foreign-born Hispanics | χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | % | ||
| Summary stress measures (mean [SE]) | |||||
| Chronic stress exposure | 2.1 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.1) | 11.8** |
| Chronic stress appraisala | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.0) | 37.2*** |
| Health | |||||
| Exposed | 60.6 | 67.7 | 61.5 | 66.4 | 3.0* |
| Upseta | 56.5 | 56.5 | 55.4 | 66.7 | 1.6 |
| Financial | |||||
| Exposed | 36.9 | 59.6 | 46.8 | 52.3 | 30.5*** |
| Upseta | 54.0 | 50.4 | 57.6 | 64.0 | 1.8 |
| Residential | |||||
| Exposed | 8.3 | 23.2 | 19.4 | 14.0 | 52.4*** |
| Upseta | 52.5 | 47.5 | 63.6 | 44.4 | 1.0 |
| Relationship | |||||
| Exposed | 48.2 | 53.7 | 43.8 | 52.1 | 2.6+ |
| Upseta | 75.5 | 67.5 | 71.5 | 68.9 | 3.6* |
| Caregiving | |||||
| Exposed | 35.4 | 39.5 | 36.3 | 38.4 | 1.1 |
| Upseta | 41.4 | 30.9 | 45.0 | 19.7 | 4.4** |
Note: Upset = Somewhat/very upset vs not upset.
aAmong those who reported any stress exposure (n = 5,519).
+p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.