Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants With and Without Diabetes
| Participants With Diabetes | Participants Without Diabetes | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 3824 | 12,045 | |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), % | 6.70 (6.14–7.58) | 5.49 (5.22–5.82) | <0.001 |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 65 (57–73) | 63 (56–72) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 2118 (55.39) | 7038 (58.43) | 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| White/Caucasian | 2416 (63.40) | 9288 (77.25) | |
| Black/African American | 1000 (26.24) | 1913 (15.91) | |
| Other | 395 (10.36) | 822 (6.84) | |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 30.50 (26.60–35.00) | 27.10 (24.00–30.70) | <0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Less than high school | 1070 (27.98) | 2134 (17.72) | |
| GED | 225 (5.88) | 612 (5.08) | |
| High-school graduate | 1114 (29.13) | 3556 (29.53) | |
| Some college | 825 (21.57) | 2947 (24.47) | |
| College and above | 590 (15.43) | 2793 (23.19) | |
| C-reactive protein, median (IQR) | 2.58 (1.17–5.98) | 1.88 (0.89–4.09) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, median (IQR) | 185.86 (159.39–216.47) | 200.43 (173.38–230.61) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive scores, median (IQR) | 14.00 (11.00–17.00) | 16.00 (13.00–18.00) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2867 (75.01) | 5858 (48.67) | <0.001 |
| Lung disease, n (%) | 394 (10.32) | 940 (7.81) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 1113 (29.13) | 2145 (17.82) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 395 (10.33) | 661 (5.49) | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric problems, n (%) | 742 (19.43) | 1759 (14.62) | <0.001 |
| Smoker, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 1618 (42.52) | 5234 (43.70) | |
| Ever | 1648 (43.31) | 4714 (39.36) | |
| Current | 539 (14.17) | 2030 (16.95) | |
| Alcohol drinker, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2917 (76.38) | 7190 (59.75) | |
| 1–4 d/wk | 735 (19.25) | 3432 (28.52) | |
| 4–7 d/wk | 167 (4.37) | 1412 (11.73) |
Abbreviation: GED, general educational development.