Table 2.
Associations Between HbA1c and All-Cause Mortality According to the Cutoffs Deriving From the U-Shaped and Reverse J–Shaped Curves
| Cutoffs | HR (95% CI) for All-Cause Mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants With Diabetes | |||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Very low (<5.40%; n = 189) | 1.84 (1.34, 2.52) | 1.80 (1.31, 2.47) | 1.66 (1.19, 2.33) |
| Medium-low (5.40–5.60%; n = 215) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.48) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.55) |
| Medium (>5.60 and <7.37%; n = 2323) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Medium-high (7.37–8.43%; n = 550) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.48) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) |
| Very high (>8.43%; n = 547) | 1.49 (1.18, 1.88) | 1.44 (1.13, 1.82) | 1.40 (1.09, 1.80) |
| Participants Without Diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Very low (<4.88%; n = 736) | 1.74 (1.36, 2.24) | 1.69 (1.31, 2.17) | 1.60 (1.21, 2.07) |
| Low (4.88–5.02%; n = 1002) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.60) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62) | 1.30 (1.02, 1.65) |
| Medium-low (>5.02 and <5.38%; n = 2,992) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Medium-high 1 (5.38–5.70%; n = 3628) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) |
| Medium-high 2 (>5.70%; n = 3687) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and race. Model 2: further adjusted for BMI, education level, smoking, and drinking. Model 3: further adjusted for cognitive function scores, CES-D scores, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, psychiatric problems, C-reactive protein, and total cholesterol. Model 3 was considered to be the fully adjusted model. Data in boldface indicate statistical significance at 5% level.