Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Participants at Baseline (n = 889)
| Variable | Mean (SD) or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, y | 81.5 (7.39) |
| Female | 678 (76.3) |
| Caucasian | 856 (96.4) |
| Years of education | 14.9 (2.90) |
| Global cognition | 0.1 (0.62) |
| Global motor score (standardized metric) | 1.0 (0.23) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.0 (5.22) |
| Self-report physical activity (h/week) | 3.5 (3.67) |
| Self-report cognitive activity (score 1–5) | 3.2 (0.63) |
| Self-report social activity (score 1–5) | 2.6 (0.61) |
| Depressive symptoms (score 0–10) | 1.0 (1.56) |
| APOE ℇ4 | 196 (23.6) |
| Number of 3 vascular risk factors (0–3) | 1.1 (0.81) |
| Hypertension | 500 (56.2) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 127 (14.3) |
| Smoking | 367 (41.5) |
| Number of 4 vascular diseases (0–4) | 0.4 (0.71) |
| Myocardial infarction | 101 (11.4) |
| Congestive heart failure | 43 (5.2) |
| Claudication | 95 (10.7) |
| Stroke | 101 (12.6) |
Notes: Global motor score is a composite measure summarizing 10 motor performance tests with higher scores showing stronger or faster motor performances (like grip strength or walking speed). Cognition is a composite measure summarizing 19 cognitive tests. Participants reported number of minutes of engagement in physical activities in the last 2 weeks (self-report physical activity) and rated frequency of involvement in social (self-report social activity) and cognitive (self-report cognitive activity) activities in the last 1 year (Supplementary Methods). Depressive symptoms were assessed by 10-items version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale; higher scores denote more symptoms. Number of three vascular risk factors variable, ie, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking, has a range from 0 to 3 and higher scores indicate higher vascular risk burden. Likewise, number of four vascular diseases has a range from 0 to 4 and higher scores indicate greater vascular disease burden.