Table 3.
Physical Activity and the Annual Rate of Change in Parkinsonisma
| Adults With and Without Parkinsonism at Baseline (n = 889) | Adults Without Parkinsonism at Baseline (n = 682) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model Terms | Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D |
| Annual rate of change in parkinsonism (Time) | 0.048 (0.008, < 0.001) | 0.101 (0.024, <0.001) | 0.067 (0.009, <0.001) | 0.154 (0.027, <0.001) |
| Age | 0.073 (0.005, < 0.001) | 0.066 (0.005, <0.001) | 0.068 (0.005, <0.001) | 0.065 (0.005, <0.001) |
| Sex | −0.145 (0.087, 0.094) | −0.172 (0.085, 0.044) | −0.251 (0.080, 0.002) | −0.264 (0.080, 0.001) |
| Education | −0.050 (0.013, < 0.001) | −0.052 (0.013, <0.001) | −0.040 (0.012, <0.001) | −0.041 (0.012, <0.001) |
| Total daily physical activity | −0.115 (0.024, < 0.001) | −0.024 (0.023, 0.297) | ||
| Intensity of daily physical activity | −2.829 (0.381, <0.001) | −0.995 (0.364, 0.006) | ||
| Age × Time | 0.004 (0.001, < 0.001) | 0.004 (0.001, <0.001) | 0.006 (0.001, <0.001) | 0.006 (0.001, <0.001) |
| Sex × Time | 0.014 (0.016, 0.383) | 0.014 (0.016, 0.406) | 0.021 (0.018, 0.245) | 0.021 (0.018, 0.253) |
| Education × Time | 0.001 (0.002, 0.732) | 0.001 (0.002, 0.747) | −0.001 (0.003, 0.630) | −0.001 (0.003, 0.611) |
| Total daily physical activity × Time | −0.010 (0.005, 0.036) | −0.017 (0.005, <0.001) | ||
| Intensity of daily physical activity × Time | −0.180 (0.074, 0.015) | −0.295 (0.081, <0.001) | ||
aEach column shows a single linear mixed-effect model. In each model, the outcome is the global parkinsonian score; the terms included in each model are listed in the first column on the left. Each cell shows the estimates (standard error and p value) for either the cross-sectional association of the model terms’ with the level of parkinsonism at baseline or the association of the term with the annual rate of change in parkinsonism (Time).