Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Presenting Vision Impairment Status: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
| Overall n = 2,639 |
No visual impairmenta n = 2,315 (91%) |
Visual impairment n = 324 (9%) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 70.1 ± 7.2 | 69.6 ± 6.9 | 75.1 ± 9.0 | <.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 1,320 (55.6) | 1,161 (55.7) | 159 (55.6) | .975 |
| Race, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,537 (82.6) | 1,374 (84.0) | 163 (69.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 437 (7.5) | 380 (7.2) | 57 (10.6) | |
| Mexican American | 512 (2.7) | 442 (2.6) | 70 (3.9) | |
| Other Hispanics and other race | 153 (7.2) | 119 (6.3) | 34 (16.2) | |
| Body mass index, n (%) (kg/m2) | .023 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 39 (1.6) | 32 (1.5) | 7 (2.7) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 698 (27.5) | 589 (27.0) | 109 (32.8) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 1,018 (37.4) | 892 (37.1) | 126 (40.6) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 838 (33.5) | 764 (34.4) | 74 (23.9) | |
| Education, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 1,085 (29.9) | 908 (28.3) | 177 (45.2) | |
| High school or equivalent | 629 (29.6) | 556 (29.7) | 73 (28.5) | |
| More than high school | 920 (40.5) | 847 (42.0) | 73 (26.3) | |
| Current or former smokers, n (%) | 1,391 (53.2) | 1,234 (53.7) | 157 (48.1) | .173 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 452 (14.8) | 378 (14.3) | 74 (19.1) | .071 |
| Total comorbiditiesb, n (%) | .059 | |||
| 0 comorbidities | 537 (20.0) | 478 (20.5) | 59 (15.3) | |
| 1–2 comorbidities | 1,602 (60.2) | 1,408 (60.3) | 194 (59.1) | |
| >2 comorbidities | 500 (19.8) | 429 (19.2) | 71 (25.6) |
Results reported as unweighted n (weighted %). Unadjusted p-values. Bold values denote statistical significance at p < .05 level.
aNo visual impairment defined as presenting visual acuity ≥20/40 in better-seeing eye. Visual impairment defined as presenting visual acuity <20/40 in better-seeing eye.
bTotal comorbidities: angina, arthritis, cancer, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, liver disease, myocardial infarct, and stroke.