Table 2.
Participant Characteristics by Vision Impairment Status: Women’s Health and Aging Study (WHAS) III
| Overall n = 796 |
No Visual Impairmenta n = 294 (37%) |
Mild Visual Impairment n = 211 (26%) |
Moderate/severe Visual Impairment n = 291 (37%) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 74.2 ± 10.2 | 73.6 (10.6) | 74.6 (10.6) | 74.5 (9.3) | <.001 |
| Race, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 595 (76.4) | 234 (80.4) | 161 (76.6) | 200 (70.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 192 (22.5) | 57 (18.7) | 48 (21.9) | 87 (28.3) | |
| Other Hispanics and other race | 9 (1.1) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (1.1) | |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 27.7 (22.2) | 26.7 (20.8) | 28.4 (20.9) | 28.3 (24.0) | .001 |
| Body mass index, n (%) (kg/m2) | ` | <.001 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 29 (4.2) | 9 (3.6) | 4 (1.6) | 16 (7.6) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 239 (31.6) | 112 (38.2) | 53 (26.7) | 74 (26.9) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 273 (34.7) | 104 (34.7) | 80 (36.7) | 89 (32.8) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 231 (29.5) | 68 (23.5) | 72 (35.0) | 91 (32.7) | |
| Education, mean ± SD (years) | 11.4 ± 12.9 | 12.6 ± 13.3 | 11.2 ± 11.8 | 9.9 ± 11.2 | <.001 |
| Education, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 203 (23.5) | 35 (11.4) | 52 (24.8) | 116 (39.1) | |
| High school or equivalent | 360 (45.9) | 139 (48.4) | 100 (47.3) | 121 (41.2) | |
| More than high school | 231 (30.6) | 120 (40.3) | 58 (27.9) | 53 (19.8) | |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 99 (12.1) | 24 (7.6) | 28 (13.5) | 47 (16.9) | <.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 122 (13.2) | 24 (6.9) | 26 (11.2) | 72 (23.5) | <.001 |
| Total comorbiditiesb, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| 0 comorbidities | 48 (5.6) | 28 (8.6) | 12 (4.5) | 8 (2.5) | |
| 1–2 comorbidities | 168 (24.6) | 90 (33.0) | 49 (27.0) | 29 (10.9) | |
| >2 comorbidities | 580 (69.8) | 176 (58.4) | 105 (68.5) | 254 (86.7) |
Results reported as unweighted n (weighted %). Unadjusted p-values. Bold values denote statistical significance at p < .05 level.
aNo visual impairment defined as binocular presenting visual acuity ≥20/40. Mild visual impairment defined as binocular presenting visual acuity <20/40, but ≥20/60. Moderate/severe visual impairment defined as binocular presenting visual acuity <20/60.
bTotal comorbidities: myocardial infarct, angina, congestive heart failure, other heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, cancer, hip fracture, Parkinson’s disease, lung disease, and hearing problem.