Table 4.
Ordinal Logistic Regression Models of the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Relationships between Frailty and Vision Measures in Women’s Health and Aging Study (WHAS) III
| WHAS III baselinea (n = 634) |
WHAS III at year 3a (n = 444) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Frail | ||||||
| No VIb | Reference | — | — | Reference | — | — |
| Mild VI | 1.96 | 1.52–2.52 | <.001 | 2.20 | 0.89–5.44 | .088 |
| Moderate/severe VI | 5.52 | 4.24–7.19 | <.001 | 3.45 | 1.42–8.38 | .006 |
| Per 0.1 LogMAR | 1.52 | 1.44–1.69 | <.001 | 1.26 | 1.09–1.45 | <.001 |
Note: Analyses restricted to participants with overlapping propensity score ranges across vision impairment groups (sample sizes as shown for each cohort study), and regression models inverse probability weighted using the product of study survey weights (WHAS) and inverse propensity scores (survey weight × [1/PS]). Bold values denote statistical significance at p < .05 level. CI = confidence interval.
aAdjusted for: age (cubic spline), race, smoking status, diabetic status, total number of comorbidities.
bNo VI defined as binocular presenting visual acuity ≥20/40. Mild VI defined as binocular presenting visual acuity <20/40, but ≥20/60. Moderate/severe VI defined as binocular presenting visual acuity <20/60.