Table 4.
Multivariate logistic analysis on determinants of clinically relevant neuropsychiatric symptoms in late‐stage parkinsonism*
| Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Measured with | β | SE | Wald Statistic | P Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delusion | Dressing | UPDRS‐II item 10 | 0.439 | 0.180 | 5.914 | 0.15 | 1.551 (1.089‐2.209) |
| (NPI‐item A) | Hallucinations | NPI item B | 0.374 | 0.045 | 69.764 | <0.001 | 1.454 (1.331‐1.587) |
| Agitation | NPI item C | 0.134 | 0.059 | 5.091 | 0.24 | 1.143 (1.018‐1.284) | |
| Constant | ‐4.448 | 0.607 | 63.669 | <0.001 | |||
| Model coefficients: N complete cases = 548 (79.2%), χ2 = 123.54, df 3, P value <0.001, log likelihood = 30.82, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.37 | |||||||
| Hallucinations | Years of education | – | −0.089 | 0.040 | 5.110 | 0.60 | 0.915 (0.846–0.988) |
| (NPI‐item B) | Cognitive performance | MMSE total score | −0.088 | 0.021 | 17.072 | <0.001 | 0.915 (0.878–0.955) |
| Light‐headedness | NMSS item 1 | 0.090 | 0.038 | 5.656 | 0.43 | 1.094 (1.016–1.179) | |
| Daytime sleepiness | NMSS item 3 | 0.143 | 0.036 | 15.424 | 0.002 | 1.154 (1.074–1.239) | |
| Delusion | NPI item A | 0.393 | 0.059 | 44.595 | <0.001 | 1.482 (1.320–1.664) | |
| Anxiety | NPI item E | 0.086 | 0.045 | 3.622 | 1.00 | 1.090 (0.997–1.192) | |
| Elation/euphoria | NPI item F | 0.250 | 0.152 | 2.692 | 1.00 | 1.284 (0.953–1.731) | |
| Aberrant motor behavior | NPI item J | 0.085 | 0.048 | 3.143 | 1.00 | 1.089 (0.991–1.196) | |
| Sleep and night‐time behavior disorders | NPI item K | 0.118 | 0.040 | 8.660 | 0.08 | 1.125 (1.040–1.217) | |
| Constant | – | −0.866 | 0.582 | 2.215 | 1.00 | ||
| Model coefficients: N complete cases = 500 (72.3%), χ2 = 167.47, df 9, P value <0.001, log likelihood = 318.76, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.46 | |||||||
| Agitation | LEDD | – | −0.001 | 0.001 | 3.951 | 1.00 | 0.999 (0.998–1.000) |
| (NPI‐item C) | Cognitive performance | MMSE total score | −0.054 | 0.026 | 4.161 | 0.90 | 0.948 (0.900–0.998) |
| Falling (unrelated to freezing) | UPDRS‐II item 13 | 0.224 | 0.126 | 3.129 | 1.00 | 1.251 (0.976–1.602) | |
| Depression | NPI item D | 0.179 | 0.046 | 15.273 | 0.002 | 1.196 (1.094–1.309) | |
| Elation/euphoria | NPI item F | 0.430 | 0.186 | 5.311 | 0.46 | 1.536 (1.066–2.214) | |
| Irritability | NPI item I | 0.439 | 0.068 | 41.587 | <0.001 | 1.551 (1.357–1.772) | |
| Constant | −2.203 | 0.671 | 10.759 | 0.02 | |||
| Model coefficients: N complete cases = 505 (73.0%), χ2 = 112.27, df 6, P value <0.001, log likelihood = 231.18, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.40 | |||||||
*
Shown are backward‐stepping logistic regression models with clinically relevant NPI items (Frequency x Severity ≥4) as dependent variables based on data from the total sample.
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; UPDRS‐II, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, Part II; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; NMSS, Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; F, frequency; S, severity.