Table 5.
Multivariate logistic analysis on determinants of clinically relevant neuropsychiatric symptoms in late‐stage parkinsonism*
| Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Measured with | β | SE | Wald Statistic | P Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Hygiene | UPDRS‐II item 11 | 0.495 | 0.126 | 15.334 | 0.003 | 1.641 (1.281–2.103) |
| (NPI‐item D) | Daytime sleepiness | NMSS item 3 | −0.078 | 0.033 | 5.460 | 0.53 | 0.925 (0.867–0.988) |
| Pain | NMSS item 27 | 0.064 | 0.027 | 5.511 | 0.53 | 1.066 (1.011–1.124) | |
| Weight loss | NMSS item 29 | 0.109 | 0.032 | 11.235 | 0.02 | 1.115 (1.046–1.188) | |
| Agitation | NPI item C | 0.189 | 0.067 | 8.018 | 0.14 | 1.208 (1.060–1.377) | |
| Anxiety | NPI item E | 0.287 | 0.047 | 36.972 | <0.001 | 1.332 (1.214–1.461) | |
| Apathy | NPI item G | 0.156 | 0.034 | 21.119 | <0.001 | 1.169 (1.094–1.249) | |
| Sleep and night‐time behavior disorders | NPI item K | 0.095 | 0.034 | 7.665 | 0.006 | 1.100 (1.028–1.177) | |
| Constant | – | −3.550 | 0.417 | 72.633 | <0.001 | ||
| Model coefficients: N complete cases = 496 (71.7%), χ2 = 187.11, df 8, P value <0.001, log likelihood = 455.66, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.43 | |||||||
| Anxiety | Female gender | – | 0.642 | 0.260 | 6.116 | 0.31 | 1.9101 (1.143–3.162) |
| (NPI‐item E) | Cognitive performance | MMSE total score | 0.049 | 0.025 | 3.845 | 1.00 | 1.050 (1.000–1.102) |
| Turning in bed and adjusting clothes | UPDRS‐II item 12 | 0.248 | 0.129 | 3.707 | 1.00 | 1.281 (0.996–1.648) | |
| Falling (unrelated to freezing) | UPDRS‐II item 13 | −0.224 | 0.100 | 4.983 | 0.62 | 0.800 (0.657–0.973) | |
| Body bradykinesia | UPDRS‐III item 31 | −0.283 | 0.153 | 3.428 | 1.00 | 0.753 (0.558–1.017) | |
| Dyskinesia | UPDRS‐IV items 32–34 | 0.132 | 0.058 | 5.213 | 0.53 | 1.141 (1.019–1.278) | |
| Restless legs | NMSS item 6 | 0.064 | 0.033 | 3.619 | 1.00 | 1.066 (0.998–1.138) | |
| Lost interest in sex | NMSS item 25 | 0.090 | 0.024 | 13.827 | 0.005 | 1.094 (1.043–1.147) | |
| Delusion | NPI item A | −0.118 | 0.069 | 2.910 | 1.00 | 0.889 (0.776–1.018) | |
| Hallucination | NPI item B | 0.133 | 0.057 | 5.435 | 0.48 | 1.142 (1.021–1.277) | |
| Depression | NPI item D | 0.234 | 0.040 | 33.791 | <0.001 | 1.264 (1.168–1.368) | |
| Apathy | NPI item G | 0.066 | 0.039 | 2.807 | 1.00 | 1.068 (0.989–1.153) | |
| Irritability/lability | NPI item I | 0.191 | 0.059 | 10.566 | 0.03 | 1.210 (1.079–1.358) | |
| Constant | – | −4.336 | 0.881 | 24.215 | <0.001 | ||
| Model coefficients: N complete cases = 524 (75.7%), χ2 = 165.63, df 13, P value <0.001, Log likelihood = 403.09, Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.41 | |||||||
*
Shown are backward‐stepping logistic regression models with clinically relevant NPI items (Frequency x Severity ≥4) as dependent variables based on data from the total sample. Bold font indicates a bonferroni‐corrected significance of p<0.05.
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; UPDRS‐II, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, Part II; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; UPDRS‐III, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, Part III; UPDRS‐IV, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, Part IV; NMSS, Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; F, frequency; S, severity.