Figure 3.

Cell-replacement strategies for treating diabetes. Schematic representation of different approaches to generate de novo β cells to restore the glycemic function in the context of diabetes. A β-like cell state can be induced through (A) differentiation from pluripotent stem cells, (B) direct lineage reprogramming of endoderm-derived cell types (liver, gallbladder, intestine, and stomach), or (C) other pancreatic cell types (acinar cells, duct cells, endocrine α cells). Alternatively, the proliferative capacity of the endogenous β cells could be reawakened to replenish the pool of insulin-secreting cells. (PSC) pluripotent stem cells, (DE) definitive endoderm, (FG) foregut, (PP) pancreatic progenitor, (EP) endocrine progenitor.