Table 2.
Structure of family violence identified via bifactor model (Calibration sample, N = 1,179).
| Item Frequency (%) | Bifactor model loadings | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harsh Parenting | IPV | Shared Violence Factor | ||||||||
| Never | Seldom | Occas | Freq + | Est | (SE) | Est | (SE) | Est | (SE) | |
| Harsh Parenting (Typical Week) | ||||||||||
| Use bad language or curse? | 77.0 | 17.4 | 3.5 | 2.1 | −.36 | (.12)* | .91 | (.06)*** | ||
| Yell or scream at your child? | 22.0 | 40.6 | 25.4 | 12.0 | .22 | (.12) | .62 | (.04)*** | ||
| Threaten to hurt your child? | 91.7 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 | .16 | (.12) | .76 | (.04)*** | ||
| Give your child a spanking? | 43.8 | 37.4 | 13.9 | 5.0 | .25 | (.10)* | .57 | (.05)*** | ||
| Slap or hit your child (but not spanking)? | 90.0 | 8.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | .41 | (.10)*** | .61 | (.07)*** | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence (Past year) | ||||||||||
| Threatened to hit or throw something? | 91.7 | 5.7 | 1.8 | 0.8 | .73 | (.04)*** | .49 | (.05)*** | ||
| Threw, smashed, hit, kicked something? | 88.0 | 8.7 | 2.2 | 1.1 | .75 | (.04)*** | .36 | (.05)*** | ||
| Threw something at each other? | 92.0 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 1.0 | .76 | (.04)*** | .37 | (.05)*** | ||
| Pushed, grabbed, or shoved each other? | 89.4 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 0.6 | .72 | (.04)*** | .45 | (.05)*** | ||
Note. Occas = Occasionally, Freq = Frequently, Very Often or Always; Est = standardized parameter estimates, SE = standard error;
*
p < .01,
**
p < .001,
***
p < .0001.