Table 16.

Studies assessing cardiovascular risk factors

Study characteristic	CINDI (India, 2014)	CINDI 2 (India, 2016)	INTERHEART (Global, 2004)	INTERSTROKE (Global, 2016)
Study population	4600 newly diagnosed patients with T2DM (men: 67%)	1500 newly detected young-onset diabetes patients (men: 74%)	15,152 cases with acute MI, 14,820 controls from 52 countries	13,447 cases (10,388 with ischemic stroke and 3059 intracerebral hemorrhage) and 13,472 controls from 32 countries (men: 59.6%)
Study objective	To assess patients for diabetic complications, hypertension, dyslipidemia, BMI, diagnosis of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy	To evaluate patients for complications of diabetes and CV risk factors such BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking	To assess relationship between smoking, history of hypertension or diabetes, WHR, dietary patterns, physical activity, consumption of alcohol, blood Apo, and psychosocial factors to MI	To assess relationship between stroke and its risk factors including hypertension, physical activity, ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, diet, WHR, psychosocial factors, current smoking, alcohol consumption and diabetes
Results overview	Hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia were present in 23.3%, 26% and 27% patients, respectively	Hypertension, dyslipidemia, BMI >23 kg/m2, and smoking were present in 27.6%, 62.4%, 84.2 and 24% patients. Diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy were seen in 5.1%, 13.2%, and 0.9%. Ischemic heart disease, PVD, and stroke were presented in 0.7%, 2%, and 0.1%. 95.33% needed statin therapy	Diabetes, along with smoking raised ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, history of hypertension, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factor, lack of daily consumption of fruits and vegetables regular alcohol consumption, and lack of regular physical activity were all significantly related to acute myocardial infarction (P<0.0001 for all risk factors and)	Previous history of hypertension or BP of 140/90 mm Hg or higher, regular physical activity, WHR, psychosocial factors, smoking, cardiac causes, alcohol consumption and DM were all associated with stroke. Hypertension was more associated with intracerebral hemorrhage than with ischemic stroke, whereas current smoking, diabetes, Apo, and cardiac causes were more associated with ischemic stroke (P<0.0001)

DM: Diabetes mellitus, Apo: Apolipoproteins, BMI: Body mass index, MI: Myocardial infarction; T2DM: Type 2 DM, PVD: Peripheral vascular disease, WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio, BP: Blood pressure