. 2019 Sep 30;28(23-24):4236–4249. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15041

Table 3.

Clinical patient outcomes

Outcome	Author	Control	Intervention	p‐value
Delirium outcomes
Delirium, n	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	7 (46.7%)	6 (40.0%)	.72
	Caplan and Harper (2007)^a	8 (38.1%)	1 (6.25%)	.032
	Gorski et al. (2017)^a	12 (18.5%)	9 (13.8%)	.47
Delirium severity, MDAS	Caplan and Harper (2007)^b	5.1 ± 6.7	1.2 ± 4.8	.045
Delirium duration, days	Caplan & Harper, 2007^b	12.5 ± 14.5	5.0 ± NA	.64
Falls outcomes
Falls, n	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	NA
	Caplan and Harper (2007)^a	4 (19.0%)	1 (6.3%)	.16
	Donoghue et al. (2005)^c	Pilot: 10	2	–
	Gorski et al. (2017)^a	3 (4.61%)	3 (4.61%)	1
Falls, 1,000 bed days (mean rate)	Donoghue et al. (2005)^c	Pilot: 16.4 Extended: 15.6	8.4 8.8	– .000
Falls, 1,000 bed days (mean rate)	Giles et al. (2006)^c	14.5	15.5	.346
Falls multiple, %	Donoghue et al. (2005)^a	32%	15.5%	<.01
Nutrition outcomes
Energy (KJ): Lunchtime	Huang et al. (2015)^b	1,404 ± 638	1,720 ± 617	.175
	Manning et al. (2012)^b	1,334 ± 954	1,730 ± 891	.005
	Walton et al. (2008)^b	1,261 ± 772	1,700 ± 897	.072
Protein (g): Lunchtime	Huang et al. (2015)^b	20.1 ± 12.5	23.2 ± 12.0	.468
	Manning et al. (2012)^b	17.5 ± 11.4	21.8 ± 10.2	.009
	Walton et al. (2008)^b	15.2 ± 12.3	25.3 ± 15.8	.015
Fat (g): Lunchtime	Huang et al. (2015)^b	11.0 ± 4.6	12.4 ± 4.2	.418
Carbohydrates (g): Lunchtime	Huang et al. (2015)^b	38.1 ± 16.4	49.7 ± 19.1	.084
Energy (KJ): Daily	Huang et al. (2015)^b	5,237 ± 766	5,484 ± 1,298	.373
	Manning et al. (2012)^b	4,078 ± 2,771	4,526 ± 2,349	.113
	Roberts et al. (2017)^d	4,527, IQR 3339–6084	4,456, IQR 2828–5966	.55
	Walton et al. (2008)^b	3,784 ± 1,800	4,018 ± 1,244	.509
	Wong et al. (2008)^b	UK	Δ 44.1	<.001
	Wright et al. (2008)^b	2,701 ± 1,180	5,027 ± 1,798	<.001
Protein (g): Daily	Huang et al. (2015)^b	64.4 ± 16.2	65.2 ± 26.1	.873
	Manning et al. (2012)^b	43.0 ± 27.6	51.7 ± 25.7	.004
	Roberts et al. (2017)^d	39.1, IQR 29.4–54.8	40.1, IQR 23.3–53.4	.55
	Walton et al. (2008)^b	39.8 ± 21.1	50.5 ± 20.3	.015
	Wright et al. (2008)^b	25 ± 14.5	53 ± 25	.01
Fat (g): Daily	Huang et al. (2015)^b	41.7 ± 9.4	43.6 ± 13.5	.452
Carbohydrates (g): Daily	Huang et al. (2015)^b	152.3 ± 20.4	150.0 ± 37.1	.848
Energy (KJ): Intake as a % of daily requirement	Huang et al. (2015)	77.8%	80.1%	.614
	Manning et al. (2012)	58%	64%	Non‐sig
	Walton et al. (2008)	51.5%	54.7%	.478
	Wright et al. (2008)^b	41.6%, 15.6%	80.4%, 29.5%	<.001
Protein (g): Intake as a % of daily requirement	Huang et al. (2015)	98.0%	95.9%	.755
	Manning et al. (2012)	59%	71%	.003
	Walton et al. (2008)	56.0%	71.0%	.020
Estimation of mean % of entire tray	Robinson et al. (2002)	32.5%	58.9%	<.001
BMI (Kg/m²)	Wong et al. (2008)^b	24.3 ± 3.5	24.67 ± 0.4	.04
Mid‐arm circumference (cm)	Wong et al. (2008)^b	UK	Δ 0.14 ± 0.24	Non‐sig
Medication outcomes
Analgesic, n	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	1 (6.7%)	6 (40.0%)	.03
Antidepressant, n	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	5 (33.3%)	6 (40.0%)	.71
Antipsychotic, n	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	2 (13.3%)	1 (6.7%)	.55
Antipsychotic, n	Gorski et al. (2017)^a	21 (32.3%)	11 (16.9%)	.04
Benzodiazepine, n	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	1 (6.7%)	2 (13.3%)	.55
Other outcomes
Length of stay, days	Bateman et al. (2016)^b	19.27 ± 13.63	9.93 ± 5.22	.02
	Caplan and Harper (2007)^b	26.8 ± 17.8	22.5 ± 9.6	.35
	Gorski et al. (2017)^b	17.9 ± 14.4	13.4 ± 7.5	.05
Deaths	Bateman et al. (2016)^a	1 (6.7%)	1 (6.7%)	1
Deaths	Gorski et al. (2017)^a	7 (10.8%)	2 (3.1%)	.14
Change in MMSE	Caplan and Harper (2007)^b	−0.65 ± 6.21	3.5 ± 2.8	.019
Change in ADL (Barthel Index)	Caplan and Harper (2007)^b	−5.3 ± 6.6	2.0 ± 2.9	.049
Readmissions, n	Caplan and Harper (2007)^a	4 (19.0%)	5 (31.3%)	.39
Residential aged care placement, n	Caplan and Harper (2007)^a	10 (47.6%)	4 (25.0%)	.26

Abbreviations: N, number; MDAS, memorial delirium assessment scale; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; ADL, activities of daily living; NA, not applicable; g, grams; KJ, kilojoules; UK, unknown; Δ, change.

Number, %.

Mean, Standard deviation.

Mean falls rate/1,000 occupied bed days.

Median, IQR.