Table 1.
Test characteristics in experimental challenges and detected natural cases of TSE in cervids
| Test format | Antibody/test | Species | Genotype (when reported) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELISA | Bio‐Rad (proprietary) | Elk/Wapiti | Hibler et al. (2003) | |
| Bio‐Rad | Moose | 209MM | Baeten et al. (2007) | |
| Bio‐Rad | Mule deer | 225SF, 225SS, 225FF | Hibler et al. (2003), Jewell et al. (2005), Wolfe et al. (2007), Race et al. (2009a), Wolfe et al. (2014) | |
| Bio‐Rad | Red deer | 226E/Q, 132MM, 96GG | Balachandran et al. (2010) | |
| Bio‐Rad | Reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Mitchell et al. (2012), Benestad et al. (2016) | |
| Bio‐Rad | White‐tailed deer (WTD) | 96GG, GS | Hibler et al. (2003), Wolfe et al. (2007), Keane et al. (2008b), Masujin et al. (2007), Thomsen et al. (2012) | |
| IDEXX (proprietary) | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM 132 ML | Yang et al. (2011) | |
| IDEXX | WTD | 96GG | Keane et al. (2008b) | |
| IDEXX | Mule deer | Miller (2017a) | ||
| IDEXX | Moose | Miller (2017a) | ||
| Fujirebio | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| IHC | BAR224 | Red deer | 132MM | Dagleish et al. (2008)a, Martin et al. (2009)a, Dagleish et al. (2015) |
| BAR24 | Muntjac | 95QQ, 96GG, 98SS,132MM, 225SS | Elder et al. (2013), Nalls et al. (2013) | |
| BAR24 | WTD | 96GG, 96GS | Mathiason et al. (2009), Haley et al. (2012), Elder et al. (2013) | |
| B103 | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| F89 | Mule deer | Spraker et al. (2002)e, Baszler et al. (2006) | ||
| F89 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| Pirisinu et al. (2017) | ||||
| F89 | WTD | Baszler et al. (2006) | ||
| F89/99 cocktail | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM, 132ML | Hamir et al. (2003)b, Hamir et al. (2004)b, Huang et al. (2005), Hamir et al. (2006) | |
| F89/2G11 cocktail | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad et al. (2016) | ||
| F99 | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM, 132 ML | Peters et al. (2000), Hibler et al. (2003), Hamir et al. (2004)b, Spraker et al. (2006, 2009), Yang et al. (2011), Nichols et al. (2012), Monello et al. (2013), Selariu et al. (2015), Wyckoff et al. (2015), Haley et al. (2016b) | |
| F99 | Moose | 209MM | Baeten et al. (2007) | |
| F99 | Mule deer | 225SS, 225SF | Spraker et al. (2002), Sigurdson et al. (2002), Wild et al. (2002), Miller and Williams (2002), Hibler et al. (2003), Jewell et al. (2005), Baszler et al. (2006), Fox et al. (2006), Race et al. (2009a), Wolfe et al. (2007) | |
| F99 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| F99 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| F99 | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| F99 | Red deer | 226E/Q, 132MM, 96GG | Dagleish et al. (2008)a, Balachandran et al. (2010), Dagleish et al. (2015) | |
| F99 | Reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138 SS, 169VV | Mitchell et al. (2012) | |
| F99 | WTD | 96GG, 96GS, 96SS | Wild et al. (2002), Hibler et al. (2003), Baszler et al. (2006), Wolfe et al. (2007), Keane et al. (2008a,b, 2009), Greenlee et al. (2011)b, Thomsen et al. (2012), Henderson et al. (2013) | |
| F99 | WTD | 95Q/H, 96G/S, 116A, 226Q/K | Haley et al. (2016a) | |
| F99 | 225FF | Wolfe et al. (2014)d | ||
| L42 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| L42 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| L42 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad et al. (2016) | |
| P4 | Elk/Wapiti | Wyckoff et al. (2015) | ||
| P4 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| P4 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| P4 | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| R145 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad (2017c) | |
| Sha31 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad et al. (2016), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | |
| Sha31 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| T2 | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| 12B2 | Red deer | Martin et al. (2009)a | ||
| 12B2 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 12B2 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 12B2 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad et al. (2016) | |
| 2G11 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| 2G11 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| 2G11 | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| 44B1 | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| 6H4 | Elk/wapiti | Angers et al. (2009) | ||
| 6H4 | Mule deer | Sigurdson et al. (2002) | ||
| 9A2 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 9A2 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 9A2 | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| WB | Bio‐Rad Western | Red deer | 226E/Q, 132 MM, 96GG | Balachandran et al. (2010) |
| Bio‐Rad Western | Reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Mitchell et al. (2012), Benestad et al. (2016) | |
| Bio‐Rad Western | WTD | 96GG, 96GS | Thomsen et al. (2012) | |
| B103 | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| BAR221 | WTD | 96GS | Henderson et al. (2015b) | |
| BAR224 | WTD | 96GG, 96GS | Mathiason et al. (2009), Haley et al. (2011), Henderson et al. (2013) | |
| F99 | Elk/Wapiti | Davidowitz et al. (2005), Huang et al. (2005) | ||
| F99 | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM, 132 ML, 132 LL | O'rourke et al. (2007) | |
| F99 | Red deer | Martin et al. (2009)a | ||
| ICSM18 | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM, 132 ML | Yang et al. (2011) | |
| ICSM18 | WTD | Daus et al. (2011) | ||
| L42 | Deer | Race et al. (2007) | ||
| L42 | Elk/Wapiti | Race et al. (2007) | ||
| L42 | Mule deer | Race et al. (2009a) | ||
| L42 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | ||
| L42 | Red deer | 132MM | Dagleish et al. (2015)a | |
| L42 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad et al. (2016), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | |
| Prionics Check | Elk/Wapiti | Hamir et al. (2003)b | ||
| P4 | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM, 132ML | O'rourke et al. (2007) | |
| P4 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| P4 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| P4 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad (2017c), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | |
| P4 | Red deer | Martin et al. (2009)a, Dagleish et al. (2015)a / f | ||
| R35 | Deer | Race et al. (2007) | ||
| R35 | Elk/Wapiti | Race et al. (2007) | ||
| SAF70 | Elk/Wapiti | Davidowitz et al. (2005) | ||
| SAF84 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | ||
| SAF84 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad et al. (2016), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | |
| Sha31 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c) | ||
| Sha31 | Red deer | Martin et al. (2009)a | ||
| Sha31 | Norwegian reindeer | 2VV, 129GG, 138SS, 169VV | Benestad et al. (2016), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | |
| T2 | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| 11F12 | WTD | Rubenstein et al. (2010, 2011), Chang et al. (2008) | ||
| 12B2 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c)c, Pirisinu et al. (2017) | ||
| 12B2 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 12B2 | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad (2017c), Pirisinu et al. (2017) | ||
| 12B2 | Red deer | Martin et al. (2009)a | ||
| 2A11 | ‘Deer’ | Brun et al. (2004) | ||
| 44B1 | WTD | Masujin et al. (2007) | ||
| 5D6 | WTD | Rubenstein et al. (2010, 2011) | ||
| 5D6 | WTD | Chang et al. (2008) | ||
| 6H4 | Elk/Wapiti | Davidowitz et al. (2005), Angers et al. (2009) | ||
| 6H4 | Mule deer | Race et al. (2009a) | ||
| 6H4 | Red deer | Martin et al. (2009)a | ||
| 6H4 | WTD | 96GG, 96GS, 96SS | Greenlee et al. (2011)b | |
| 8E9 | WTD | Chang et al. (2008), Rubenstein et al. (2010, 2011) | ||
| 8G8 | Elk/Wapiti | 132MM, 132 ML, 132 LL | O'rourke et al. (2007) | |
| 9A2 | Norwegian moose | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 9A2 | Norwegian red deer | Benestad (2017c)c | ||
| 9A2 | Norwegian reindeer | Benestad (2017c)c |
a
BSE source of infection.
b
Scrapie source of infection.
c
Poor or no signal.
d
Poor signal in this genotype.
e
Specificity using LRS questionable.
f
No signal with BSE.