Table 1.

Study characteristics

Reference	Country	Setting	Sample size	Average follow-up (months)	Outcome(s)
					Mortality	Others
Dialysis
Beddhu et al15	USA	HD/PD	268	13.1	✔	Hospitalisation
Chae et al17	South Korea	HD	456	40.6	✔
Chandna et al19	UK	HD/PD	292	63	✔	Hospitalisation
Chandna et al18	UK	CC/RRT	844	58.7*	✔
Davies et al21	UK	PD	97	30	✔
Davies et al20	UK	PD	303	72.0*	✔
Di Iorio et al 22	Italy	HD	515	15	✔
Fried et al 25	USA	PD	268	16.9	✔
Hemmelgarn et al 27	Canada	HD/PD	237	26.3	✔
Park et al 30	South Korea	HD	24 738	47.7	✔
Rattanasompattikul et al33	USA	HD	893	72	✔
Shum et al35	China	PD/CC	157	23.5	✔	Hospitalisation
van Manen et al37	Netherlands	HD/PD	589	NK	✔
Wu et al40	Taiwan	HD/PD	79 645	NK	✔
Non-RRT CKD
Bowling et al16	USA	CKD 3–5	821 334	81.6	✔
Fraser et al24	UK	CKD 3	1741	43.2	✔
Lee et al28	Taiwan	CKD 3–5	1463	76.7	✔	Renal progression
Lhotta et al29	Austria	CKD 5	75	48	✔
Ritchie et al34	USA	CKD/heart failure	1974	32.6	✔	Hospitalisation, HF hospitalisation, CV death
Tonelli et al36	Canada	CKD 3–5	530 771	48	✔	Hospitalisation, myocardial infarction
Transplant
Pérez Fernández et al31	USA	Tx assessment	2086	NK	✔
Grosso et al26	Italy	Tx recipients	223	NK	✔	Renal progression
Pieloch et al32	USA	Tx recipients	100 261	36	✔	Renal progression
Wu et al39	USA	Tx recipients	715	40.2	✔	Renal progression
Conservative care
Ellam et al23	UK	CC	69	21*	✔
Wong et al38	UK	CC	73	23.4*	✔

*Median survival.

CC, conservative care; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; HD, haemodialysis; HF, heart failure; NK, not known; PD, peritoneal dialysis; RRT, renal replacement therapy; Tx, transplant.