Table 1.
Dental Caries Experience and Diet Quality by Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (N = 14,517), 2008–2011
| Unadjusted N | Weighted col % | DMFS, mean* | 95% Conf. Interval | P-value | AHEI mean† | 95% Conf. Interval | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 14,517 | 100.0 | 29.2 | 28.2 | 30.1 | 47.5 | 47.2 | 47.8 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 18–34 | 3,472 | 40.2 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 12.8 | <0.001 | 44.7 | 44.3 | 45.1 | <0.001 |
| 35–44 | 2,710 | 21.8 | 26.4 | 25.3 | 27.5 | 47.7 | 47.2 | 48.3 | ||
| 45–54 | 4,407 | 19.0 | 39.9 | 38.5 | 41.2 | 49.1 | 48.6 | 49.6 | ||
| ≥55 | 3,928 | 19.0 | 57.6 | 55.9 | 59.3 | 51.5 | 51.1 | 52.0 | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Women | 8,665 | 51.8 | 32.8 | 31.6 | 34.0 | <0.001 | 46.4 | 46.1 | 46.8 | <0.001 |
| Men | 5,852 | 48.2 | 25.2 | 24.2 | 26.2 | 48.7 | 48.3 | 49.1 | ||
| Heritage group | ||||||||||
| Cuban | 1,967 | 19.1 | 40.3 | 38.5 | 42.0 | 43.7 | 43.3 | 44.0 | <0.001 | |
| Dominican Republic | 1,269 | 9.6 | 30.5 | 27.8 | 33.2 | <0.001 | 48.3 | 47.7 | 48.8 | |
| Mexican | 6,032 | 39.2 | 22.4 | 21.4 | 23.3 | 51.9 | 51.6 | 52.3 | ||
| Puerto Rican | 2,296 | 15.4 | 32.5 | 30.9 | 34.1 | 41.6 | 41.3 | 42.0 | ||
| Central American | 1,558 | 7.5 | 27.2 | 25.5 | 29.0 | 47.0 | 46.6 | 47.5 | ||
| South American | 950 | 4.9 | 36.7 | 34.1 | 39.4 | 45.8 | 45.2 | 46.5 | ||
| More than one, Other | 445 | 4.2 | 21.4 | 17.0 | 25.8 | 46.3 | 45.3 | 47.2 | ||
| Annual household income | ||||||||||
| ≤$15,000 | 4,409 | 28.6 | 34.0 | 32.5 | 35.5 | <0.001 | 47.1 | 46.7 | 47.5 | <0.001 |
| >$15,000 – <$30,000 | 4,564 | 29.9 | 27.7 | 26.4 | 28.9 | 47.8 | 47.4 | 48.2 | ||
| ≥$30,000 | 4,352 | 32.8 | 25.8 | 24.5 | 27.1 | 48.2 | 47.7 | 48.8 | ||
| Unreported | 1,192 | 8.8 | 30.9 | 28.6 | 33.3 | 45.1 | 44.4 | 45.7 | ||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 5,379 | 31.3 | 32.9 | 31.5 | 34.3 | <0.001 | 48.8 | 48.3 | 49.2 | <0.001 |
| ≥High school graduate | 9,138 | 68.7 | 27.4 | 26.5 | 28.4 | 46.9 | 46.6 | 47.3 | ||
| Health insurance status | ||||||||||
| Not insured | 7,290 | 50.7 | 25.9 | 24.8 | 27.0 | <0.001 | 47.8 | 47.4 | 48.2 | 0.006 |
| Insured | 7,227 | 49.3 | 32.5 | 31.2 | 33.8 | 47.2 | 46.8 | 47.6 | ||
| Nativity status | ||||||||||
| US born | 2,566 | 23.4 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 18.4 | <0.001 | 44.3 | 43.9 | 44.7 | <0.001 |
| Foreign born, ≥10 y in United States | 8,541 | 48.7 | 35.7 | 34.5 | 36.9 | 49.5 | 49.2 | 49.9 | ||
| Foreign born, <10 y in United States | 3,410 | 27.9 | 27.5 | 26.0 | 29.0 | 46.7 | 46.1 | 47.3 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| Underweight/normal, <25 | 2,936 | 23.1 | 24.1 | 22.8 | 25.4 | <0.001 | 46.3 | 45.8 | 46.8 | <0.001 |
| Overweight, 25–29.9 | 5,449 | 37.3 | 30.0 | 28.8 | 31.2 | 48.3 | 47.9 | 48.7 | ||
| Obese, ≥30 | 6,132 | 39.6 | 31.3 | 30.0 | 32.5 | 47.5 | 47.1 | 47.8 | ||
| Waist-hip ratio (sex specific)‡) | ||||||||||
| Low risk | 2,060 | 14.7 | 26.9 | 25.3 | 28.4 | <0.001 | 45.0 | 44.4 | 45.5 | <0.001 |
| High risk | 12,457 | 85.3 | 29.6 | 28.6 | 30.5 | 47.9 | 47.6 | 48.3 | ||
| AHEI score quintiles | ||||||||||
| Q1 (range: 28.17, 41.46) | 2,266 | 20.0 | 23.7 | 22.4 | 25.0 | <0.001 | 37.9 | 37.7 | 38.0 | <0.001 |
| Q2 (range: 41.47, 45.25) | 2,400 | 20.0 | 27.9 | 26.2 | 29.6 | 43.2 | 43.1 | 43.2 | ||
| Q3 (range: 45.26, 49.21) | 2,772 | 20.0 | 30.7 | 28.9 | 32.5 | 46.9 | 46.9 | 47.0 | ||
| Q4 (range: 49.22, 53.90) | 3,078 | 20.0 | 31.3 | 29.5 | 33.0 | 51.1 | 51.1 | 51.2 | ||
| Q5 (range: 53.91, 77.74) | 4,001 | 20.0 | 32.2 | 30.9 | 33.6 | 58.4 | 58.3 | 58.6 | ||
AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; DMFS, decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces.
*
Examiner-determined dental caries experience is quantified as the sum of the number of decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) tooth surfaces (S) from 28 teeth (third molars were not examined).
†
Alternative Health Eating Index-2010 score, in which higher scores denote a better quality diet [range from 0 to 110].
‡
Low risk for waist to hip ratio is ≤0.85 for women and ≤ 0.90 for men.