Table 1.
Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic parameters of raspberry ketone (RK) and major metabolites in male and female mice following acute RK administration.
| Compound |
Cmax [nmol mL−1]a) |
Tmax [min] |
T1/2 [min] |
AUC [nmol mL−1 min−1]a) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pl-M | Pl-F | Br-M | Br-F | Pl-M | Pl-F | Br-M | Br-F | Pl-M | Pl-F | Br-M | Br-F | Pl-M | Pl-F | Br-M | Br-F | |
| RK | 243±19.6 | 281±17.1 | 28.9±2.42 | 37.4±8.73 | 15.0±0.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 78.4±3.55 | 48.1**±0.98 | 25.7±2.0 | 28.3±1.65 | 358±34.0 | 299±20.2 | 19.4±2.42 | 20.2±6.72 |
| RK-Me | 0.079±0.012 | 0.086±0.022 | – | – | 20.0±5.0 | 25.0±5.0 | – | – | 26.7±2.81 | 31.4±1.84 | – | – | 0.050±0.005 | 0.069±0.010 | – | – |
| ROH | 103±3.26 | 130±12.7 | 21.0±2.68 | 21.6±4.72 | 25.0±4.99 | 25.0±4.99 | 20.0±5.0 | 30.0**±0.0 | 63.2±2.61 | 44.8**±1.16 | 32.0±0.77 | 40.2*±1.66 | 177±11.8 | 158±17.1 | 18.8±1.65 | 19.4±3.34 |
| 4-HPE | 41.8±3.73 | 43.6±2.90 | 1.03±0.14 | 1.28±0.08 | 50.0±9.98 | 40.0±10.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 104±2.10 | 117*±0.64 | 64.7±7.78 | 81.4*±4.44 | 108±10.9 | 98.7±7.38 | 1.58±0.16 | 2.24*±0.14 |
| 3,4-DHPE | 0.055±0.013 | 0.024±0.002 | 0.021±0.003 | 0.020±0.006 | 20.0±5.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 41.8±1.25 | 63.6±6.84 | 21.0±0.16 | 20.3±1.41 | 0.057±0.006 | 0.031*±0.003 | 0.016±0.001 | 0.014±0.002 |
| DHPhLiAce | 0.48±0.06 | 0.25*±0.04 | 0.067±0.011 | 0.112±0.042 | 40.0±10.0 | 15.0±0.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 25.0±4.99 | 41.4±2.91 | 30.0±4.24 | 33.4±0.73 | 35.8±2.29 | 0.465±0.046 | 0.156*±0.013 | 0.096±0.009 | 0.101±0.027 |
| VLAce | 25.0±2.90 | 9.94±2.40 | 1.51±0.15 | 1.49±0.30 | 25.0±5.0 | 15.0±1.25 | 15.0±0.0 | 30.0**±0.0 | 46.4±2.10 | 36.4*±2.80 | 84.1±3.55 | 89.2±10.0 | 31.0±3.65 | 9.98**±1.74 | 1.98±0.16 | 1.76±0.27 |
| VLiAce | 0.183±0.008 | 0.173±0.036 | 0.076±0.006 | 0.094±0.021 | 40.0±10.0 | 25.0±4.99 | 59.9±11.3 | 40.0±10.0 | 51.7±1.45 | 46.8±4.63 | 85.6±2.84 | 121**±4.11 | 0.230±0.008 | 0.200±0.039 | 0.262±0.014 | 0.226±0.044 |
| Total AUC | 675±20.0 | 566±20.7 | 42.1±3.51 | 43.9±8.81 | ||||||||||||
Data are expressed as mean±SEM. A metabolite of RK is considered “major” if its concentration increased significantly at a certain time point compared with the baseline (vehicle-treated group), p < 0.05. Female group values are significantly different from male group at p < 0.01 (**), or p < 0.05 (*). Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; Tmax, time to reach Cmax; T1/2, elimination half-life; AUC, area under the curve (0–12 h). Pl-M, plasma-male; Pl-F, plasma-iemale; Br-M, brain-male; Br-F, brain-female. ROH, raspberry alcohol; RK-Me, 4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-butanone; 4-HPE, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol; 3,4-DHPE, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol; PhLiAce, benzylideneacetone; DHPhLiAce, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylideneacetone; VLAce, vanillylacetone; VLiAce, vanillylideneacetone.
Unit of brain results is in nmol g−1.