Table 2.
Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic parameters of raspberry ketone (RK) and major metabolites in normal-weight and obese mice following acute RK administration.
| Compound |
Cmax [nmol mL−1]a) |
Tmax [min] |
T1/2 [min] |
AUC [nmol mL−1 min−1]a) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pl-N | Pl-O | Br-N | Br-O | Pl-N | Pl-O | Br-N | Br-O | Pl-N | Pl-O | Br-N | Br-O | Pl-N | Pl-O | Br-N | Br-O | |
| RK | 236±20.0 | 318*±23.5 | 32.7± 4.34 | 46.7±6.2 | 15.0±0.0 | 20.0± 5.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 73.3±1.2 | 94.7±7.8 | 39.5±1.9 | 41.5±4.0 | 387±25.6 | 675**±37.2 | 33.7±2.3 | 42.8*±2.0 |
| RK-Me | 0.055±0.018 | 0.064±0.015 | – | – | 20.0±5.0 | 25.0±5.0 | – | – | 31.0±5.6 | 41.7±1.2 | – | – | 0.039±0.008 | 0.047±0.007 | – | – |
| ROH | 149±15.0 | 212*±6.7 | 55.1±8.12 | 60.3±6.6 | 25.0±5.0 | 50.0±10.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 40.0±10.0 | 66.1±1.7 | 70.0±1.5 | 33.7±2.2 | 52.4**±1.88 | 208±22.0 | 391 **±15.8 | 34.8±3.8 | 76.8*±6.6 |
| 4-HPE | 15.3±3.5 | 22.3±7.6 | 6.14±0.49 | 7.92±1.60 | 20.0±5.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 25.0±5.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 73.0±4.7 | 56.3±8.8 | 31.5±4.38 | 38.8±2.56 | 20.7±2.92 | 28.7±3.65 | 4.21±0.20 | 6.35±0.68 |
| 3,4-DHPE | 0.074±0.017 | 0.147±0.031 | 0.031±0.003 | 0.025±0.002 | 20.0±5.0 | 25.0±5.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 48.9±6.9 | 51.7±4.36 | 35.5±3.94 | 33.2±2.3 5 | 0.080±0.006 | 0.162**±0.011 | 0.024±0.002 | 0.021±0.002 |
| DHPhLiAce | 0.99±0.12 | 1.29±0.10 | 0.23±0.012 | 0.16*±0.010 | 30.0±0.0 | 40.0±10.0 | 30.0±0.0 | 20.0±5.0 | 41.6±3.0 | 48.0±2.1 | 36.2±1.6 | 37.2±0.22 | 1.04±0.16 | 1.38±0.04 | 0.19±0.022 | 0.15±0.012 |
| VLAce | 54.7±1.54 | 66.4**±1.10 | 2.07±0.24 | 3.00*±0.21 | 25.0±5.0 | 50.0±10.0 | 40.0±10.0 | 50.0±10.0 | 40.9±4.8 | 68.8±17.3 | 44.4±2.18 | 55.4*±0.76 | 61.2±4.7 | 99.1**±5.6 | 2.20±0.21 | 3.22*±0.16 |
| VLiAce | 0.36±0.027 | 0.35±0.062 | 0.14±0.038 | 0.08±0.005 | 30.0±0.0 | 50.0±10.0 | 50.0±10.0 | 80.0±10.0 | 47.7±2.85 | 63.3*±2.86 | 63.1±1.74 | 90.0*±4.46 | 0.41±0.02 | 0.52**±0.04 | 0.17±0.027 | 0.16±0.007 |
| Total AUC | 679±17.2 | 1197**±21.1 | 75.3±3.53 | 130±6.92 | ||||||||||||
Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Obese group values are significantly different from normal-weight group at p < 0.01 (**), or p < 0.05 (*). Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; Tmax, time to reach Cmax; T1/2 elimination half-life; AUC, area-under-the-curve (0–12 h). Pl-N, plasma-normal-weight; Pl-O, plasma-obese; Br-N, brain-normal-weight; Br-O, brain-obese. ROH, raspberry alcohol; RK-Me, 4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-butanone; 4-HPE, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol; 3,4-DHPE, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol; PhLiAce, benzylideneacetone; DHPhLiAce, 3,4-dihydroxybenzylideneacetone; VLAce, vanillylacetone; VLiAce, vanillylideneacetone.
Unit ofbrain results is in nmol g−1.