Table 1.
PR and GR post-translational modifications and associated ligand-dependent (LD) and ligand-independent (LI) biological outcomes.
| Steroid Receptor | PTM | Kinase Pathway | Biological Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| PR | S81 | CK2 | Proliferation, survival, migration, transcriptional regulation (Hagan 2011) |
| PR | S294 (Phosphorylation) | MAPK, CDK | Nuclear localization (LI; Qui & Lange, 2003), turnover, transcriptional regulation (LD; Daniel 2009, Shen 2001), proliferation (Daniel 2007), stemness (Truong 2019), senescence (Diep 2013), cell cycle progression (Moore 2000) |
| PR | S345 (Phosphorylation) | MAPK, CDK2 | Proliferation, migration (Faivre 2008, Dressing 2013) |
| PR | K388 (SUMOylation) | --- | Transcriptional regulation, slows PR turnover (Abdel-Hafiz 2002, Daniel 2007) |
| PR | S400 (Phosphorylation) | CDK2 | Cell cycle progression, LI transcription, (Zhang 1997, Pierson-Mullany 2004, Wardell 2010) |
| PR | S676 (Phosphorylation) | CDK2 | Transcriptional activity (Knotts 2001) |
| PR | K638-K641 (KxKK, Acetylation consensus sequence) | --- | Disrupts nuclear translocation and delays MAPK-induced Ser345 and Ser294 phosphorylation (Daniel 2010) |
| GR | S134 (Phosphorylation) | p38 | Response to stress-activating stimuli/p38 MAPK, hypoxia (Regan Anderson 2016), stress-induced survival, migration, and stemness (Perez Kerkvliet 2020) |
| GR | S211 (Phosphorylation) | p38 | Apoptosis (LD; Khan 2017) |
| GR | S404 (Phosphorylation) | GSK-3 | Turnover, resistance to LD apoptosis (Galliher-Beckley 2008) |