Table 3.

GLM model results of species richness and abundance of birds in the Hkakabo Razi Landscape pre-1940 and post-2000 with similar methods and effort established.

Model name	Response	Predictor(s)	DF	Deviance	Residuals DF	Residuals deviance	p	AIC
s2	Species richness				38	13.178		35.431
		Locality	25	5.327	13	7.850	0.925
		Land-cover 1989	8	6.079	5	1.771	0.022
		Period	1	0.408	4	1.363	0.274
s3	Species richness				38	13.178		7.009
		Locality	25	5.327	13	7.850	0.277
		Land-cover 2016	8	6.700	5	1.150	< 0.001
		Period	1	0.408	4	0.744	0.138
s4	Species richness				38	13.178		65.365
		Land-cover 2016	11	5.033	27	8.145	0.118
s5	Species richness				38	13.178		55.866
		Period	1	2.169	37	11.009	0.006
s6	Species richness				38	13.178		90.102
		Locality	25	5.327	13	7.850	0.999
s7	Species richness				38	13.178		67.471
		Land-cover 1989	11	4.503	27	8.675	0.232
a1	Relative abundance				360	12.764		Inf
		Species	191	5.120	169	7.644	0.811
		Locality	24	3.191	145	4.453	< 0.001
		land-cover 1989	6	0.314	139	4.139	0.099
		Land-cover 2016	3	0.129	136	4.009	0.223
		Period	0	0.000	136	4.009	n/a
a2	Relative abundance				360	12.764		− 249.41
		Locality	25	3.603	335	9.161	< 0.001
		Land-cover 1989	7	0.387	328	8.774	0.043
a3	Relative abundance				361	12.776		− 249.65
		Locality	25	3.615	336	9.161	< 0.001
a4	Relative abundance				360	12.764		− 199.41
		Land-cover 1989	10	1.381	350	11.383	< 0.001
a5	Relative abundance				360	12.764		− 201.03
		Land-cover 2016	10	1.432	350	11.332	< 0.001
a6	Relative abundance				361	12.776		− 200.75
		Period	1	0.804	360	11.973	< 0.001
a7	Relative abundance				361	12.776		18.808
		Species	192	5.132	169	7.644	1.000

DF = degree of freedom, p ≤ 0.05 highlighted in bold. All estimates are listed in Table S2, Online Supporting Information.