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. 2020 Jul 1;10:10696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67276-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Switch in modulatory effect between conditions in GAD-Cre mice. (A) Spike raster and rate histogram (bin width, 50 ms) depicting a spike rate decrease for a MTC during optical stimulation of the dorsal OB (“stim”, blue shaded area). (B) The same unit plotted in A was also tested in the odor condition. Odorant-evoked spiking is enhanced by optical OB stimulation in this unit. (C) Plot of spontaneous firing rate in the 9 s before (no stim) and during (stim) optical stimulation for all units tested in both the no-sniff and the odor condition (n = 53 units). Squares indicated significantly modulated units. (D) Plot of odorant-evoked spiking changes (∆ spikes/sniff) in the absence of (no stim) and during (stim) optogenetic stimulation of the same units tested in C. (E) Quantitative comparison of stimulation-evoked spiking changes (∆ spikes/sec) in the no-sniff and odor condition. Circles, spiking changes for individual units; black bars, mean value. Lines connect the same unit across conditions. (F) Optical stimulation effects in the odor condition were positively correlated to baseline activity (Pearson’s r = 0.61; two-tailed, p = 1.47 ×10^-6). A negative correlation was observed in the no-sniff condition (Pearson’s r = −0.27; two-tailed, p = 0.05). (G) Effect of optical GABAergic OB fiber stimulation on odorant responses for MTCs tested with seven odorants. Blue, baseline response; red, response during optical stimulation. Odorants are ordered separately for each unit, with the strongest excitatory response in the baseline condition in the middle of the abscissa. Lines (±SEM) connect median responses across all tested trials. (H) Box plot comparing optically induced change in odorant-evoked spike rate (stim - no stim) for the strongest and weakest quartile of odorant-evoked responses taken from all cell–odorant pairs for excitatory as well as inhibitory responses. The box indicates median, 25–75th percentile ranges of the data, and whiskers indicate ±1 SD from the mean. (I) Representative PCA representation of OB response to odors with (red) and without (blue) OB HDB fiber activation. Symbols represent responses on individual trials to each odorant; ellipsoids are mean ± 1 SD. (J) Relative population response distances in neural activity space projected onto the first three principal components. Distances were normalized to the average ∆ odor distance. OB GABAergic fiber activation increases both variability in repeat and ∆ odor responses.