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. 2020 Jul 1;10:10695. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66541-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The relative increase/decrease of beryllium-7 concentrations for varying latitudes correlate with re-analysis measurements of the tropopause height trends. The beryllium-7 data was based on measurements from 2003 to 2019; the re-analysis data was based on aggregated measurements from 2001 to 2007 (Schmidt et al.)²⁰. The applied error margin was 2% based on data uncertainties for the beryllium-7 concentration; for the re-analysis of the radiosonde data, it was ±15 m/a based on the aggregation of data in different latitudinal resolutions of 5°–10° (Schmidt et al.)²⁰. The 2019 beryllium-7 profile is especially interesting because of its uncommon increase at the equator, possibly indicating a change in the tropopause profile and a connection to why hurricane Dorian (August 2019) was so powerful and slow at the same time. (b) Annual beryllium-7 growth for stations with significant (α = 0.05) trends (2004–2018). Plus signs indicate the position of all stations included in this study. (c) beryllium-7 monthly mean from all stations for all available years.