Fig. 2.

Impedance-based study of developed CNF/AuNp electrochemical biosensor at different stages of fabrication (a) ssDNA-NH₂/ CNF/AuNp and (b–f) hybridization with 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ng/6 µl of L. monocytogenes ssG-DNA using redox indicator 1 mM K₃Fe(CN)₆ in 50 mM PBS, pH 7.4