Table 3.
Odds ratio of emergency severity index, hospital admission, ICU admission, medical resources utilization, stratified by race/ethnicity, NHAMCS 2005–2016.
| Racial/ethnic group | Crude odds ratio | Adjusted for* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | + Socioeconomic | + Visiting & clinical | +ESI scores | |||
| ESI score: Immediate or emergent vs. semi- or non-urgent | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.82 (0.79–0.84) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.88 (0.85–0.92) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | ||
| Asian | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.24 (1.13–1.35) | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | ||
| Other | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | ||
| ESI score: Urgent vs. semi- or non-urgent | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | ||
| Hispanic | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | ||
| Asian | 1.22 (1.14–1.30) | 1.22 (1.15–1.31) | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | ||
| Other | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | ||
| Hospital Admission | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.73 (0.71–0.75) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | |
| Hispanic | 0.72 (0.69–0.74) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | |
| Asian | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 1.28 (1.20–1.38) | 1.23 (1.14–1.32) | 1.21 (1.12–1.31) | |
| Other | 0.82 (0.74–0.92) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | |
| ICU | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | |
| Hispanic | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | |
| Asian | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | |
| Other | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 1.03 (0.77–1.39) | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | |
| Death | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.74 (0.65–0.86) | 1.22 (1.05–1.40) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | 1.23 (1.05–1.44) | 1.26 (1.06–1.49) | |
| Hispanic | 0.58 (0.47–0.71) | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) | 1.12 (0.88–1.42) | |
| Asian | 1.49 (1.13–1.96) | 1.45 (1.10–1.91) | 1.53 (1.15–2.05) | 1.64 (1.20–2.22) | 1.64 (1.17–2.31) | |
| Other | 0.63 (0.34–1.17) | 0.88 (0.47–1.65) | 0.92 (0.49–1.73) | 0.71 (0.36–1.41) | 0.82 (0.40–1.66) | |
| Blood test | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | |
| Hispanic | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | |
| Asian | 1.24 (1.17–1.30) | 1.24 (1.18–1.31) | 1.28 (1.22–1.36) | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | |
| Other | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | |
| Any Imaging | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.73 (0.72–0.75) | 0.83 (0.82–0.85) | 0.84 (0.83–0.86) | 0.83 (0.81–0.85) | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | |
| Hispanic | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | |
| Asian | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.15 (1.08–1.21) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) | |
| Other | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | |
| Procedure | White | (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | |
| Black | 0.85 (0.83–0.86) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | |
| Hispanic | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | |
| Asian | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | 1.20 (1.14–1.27) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | 1.15 (1.08–1.21) | |
| Other | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.98 (0.90–1.05) | 0.95 (0.87–1.02) | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | |
*
+ Demographics adjusts for gender, age group; + Socioeconomic adjusts for residence type, insurance type, census region; + Visiting & clinical: year, week of day, arrive by ambulance, seen within last 72 h, pain level, temperature, heart rate, dialytic blood pressure.