Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.

Author	Year	Research types	No. of participants (% women)	Mean age [year]*	Etiology of PAH	WHO functional class	PAH medications used	Baseline PeakVO2 (mL/min/kg)*	Baseline 6-minute walk distance (m)*
Mereles et al.	2006	Randomized controlled trial	Ex T: 15; control: 15; women: 66.7%	50 [13]	80% IPAH; 20% CTEPH	20% Class II; 73%Class III	ERA: 63%; PD5-I: 33%	Ex T: 13.2 (3.1); Control: 11.9 (3.1)	Ex T: 439 [82]; Control: 411 [86]
Ley et al.	2013	Randomized controlled trial	Ex T: 10; control: 10; women: 70%	50 [11]	55% IPAH; 20% CTEPH; 10% CTD	20% Class II; 80% Class III	Mono: 25%; Dual: 60%; Triple: 15%	NA	Ex T: 449 [80]; Control: 423 [101]
Chan et al.	2013	Randomized controlled trial	Ex T: 10; control: 13; women: 100%	54 [10]	22% IPAH; 74% CTD; 4% drug induced	91% Class II/III	Mono: 30%; Dual: 26%; Triple:39%	Ex T: 17.6 (5.7); Control: 14.7 (5.1)	Ex T: 411 [73]; Control: 377 [97]
Saglam et al.	2015	Randomized controlled trial	Ex T: 14; control: 15; women: 80.6%	50 [12]	26% IPAH; 23% CHD; 51% CTD	52% Class II; 48% Class III	ERA: 32%; PD5-I: 10%; CCB: 16%	NA	Ex T: 427 [98]; Control: 357 [137]
Ehlken et al.	2015	Randomized controlled trial	Ex T: 38; control: 41; women: 54%	56 [12]	71% PAH; 29% CTEPH	16% Class II; 76% Class III; 5% Class IV	Mono: 31%; Dual: 48%; Triple: 11.5%	Ex T: 13.3 (3.6); Control: 12.7 (4.0)	Ex T: 453 [91]; Control: 413 [95]
Laura González-Saiz et al.	2017	Randomized controlled trial	Ex T: 20; control: 20; women: 60%	46 [11]	38% IPAH; 10% CTEPH; 8% CHD; 15% CTD	63% Class II; 14% Class III	Mono:40%; Combi: 37.5%; Mono + PGI: 25%; Combi + PGI: 17.5%	Ex T: 15.7 (3.3); Control: 19.8 (6.5)	Ex T: 500 [70]; Control: 546 [99]
Shigefumi Fukui et al.	2016	Non-randomized control trial	Ex T: 17; control: 24; women: 73%	68 [9]	100% CTEPH	85% Class II; 12% Class III	Drug:61%	Ex T: 17.4 (2.6) Control: 17.8 (2.6)	Ex T: 498 [96]; Control:468 [102]
Martínez-Quintana et al.	2010	Non-randomized control trial	Ex T: 4; control: 4; women: 62.5%	28 [6]	100% CHD	NA	ERA:87.5%	NA	Ex T: 364 [50]; Control:442 [193]
Fox et al.	2011	Non-randomized control trial	Ex T: 11; control: 11; women: 68%	52 [19]	45% IPAH; 9% CTEPH; 5% CHD; 41% CTD	NA	ERA: 63%; PD5-I: 45%; Mono: 54%; Combi: 45%	Ex T: 8.2 (1.9); Control: 11.6 (5.5)	Ex T: 353 [60]; Control:425 [80]
Grünig et al.	2012	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 21; women: 95%	52 [18]	100% CTD	43% Class II; 33% Class III	Mono: 38%; Dual: 48%; Triple: 14%	Ex T: 11.8 (3.4)	Ex T: 386 [121]
Grünig et al.	2012	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 183; women: 69%	53 [15]	45% IPAH; 17% CTEPH; 8% CHD; 10% CTD	14% Class II; 75% Class III	ERA: 59%; PD5-I: 58%; Mono: 44%; Combi: 51%	Ex T: 12.2 (3.5)	Ex T: 425 [106]
Nagel et al.	2012	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 35; women: 46%	61 [15]	100% CTEPH	20% Class II; 74% Class III	ERA: 60%; PD5-I: 60%; Mono: 49%; Combi: 46%	Ex T: 12.1 (1.7)	Ex T: 408 [108]
Becker-Grünig et al.	2013	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 20; women: 80%	48 [11]	100% CHD	30% Class II; 70% Class III	ERA: 70%; PD5-I: 60%	Ex T: 11.4 (2.2)	Ex T: 423 [90]
Kabitz et al.	2014	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 7; women: 57%	60 [11]	72% IPAH; 28% CTD	86% Class III; 14% Class IV	ERA: 28%; PD5-I: 86%	NA	Ex T: 417 [51]
Grünig et al.	2011	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 58; women: 72%	51 [12]	64% IPAH; 10% CTEPH; 2% CHD; 4% CTD	17% Class II; 76% Class III	Mono: 66%; Dual: 31%; Triple: 3%	Ex T: 12.5 (3.0)	Ex T: 440 [90]
Inagaki et al.	2014	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 8; women: 100%	64 [12]	100% CTEPH	75% Class II; 25% Class III	ERA: 38%; PD5-I: 62%; Mono: 62%; Combi: 38%	NA	Ex T: 383 [91]
De man et al.	2009	Pre-post intervention study	Ex T: 19; women: 79%	42 [13]	100% IPAH	NA	Mono: 42%; Combi: 58%	Ex T: 15 (4.0)	Ex T: 496 [108]

*, data are shown as mean (SD).