Table 2. Laboratory and radiographic findings of COVID-19 patients with COPD or without COPD on admission.
| Variables | COPD (n=50) | Non-COPD (n=998) | P values | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (COPD vs. non-COPD)* | P values for adjustment* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Median SpO2 (IQR), % | 95 [91–97] | 96 [93–98] | 0.19 | ||
| Blood leukocyte count (109/L) | 0.28 | ||||
| <4 | 9/45 (20.0) | 265/875 (30.3) | |||
| 4–10 | 30/45 (66.7) | 530/875 (60.6) | |||
| >10 | 6/45 (13.3) | 80/875 (9.1) | |||
| Platelet count (109/L) | 0.62 | ||||
| <100 | 5/45 (11.1) | 70/783 (8.9) | |||
| ≥100 | 40/45 (88.9) | 713/783 (91.1) | |||
| Lymphocyte count (109/L) | 0.20 | ||||
| <0.8 | 20/43 (46.5) | 324/819 (39.6) | |||
| 0.8–1.1 | 15/43 (34.9) | 237/819 (28.9) | |||
| ≥1.1 | 8/43 (18.6) | 258/819 (31.5) | |||
| APTT >45 (s) | 8/34 (23.5) | 31/595 (5.2) | <0.001 | 3.52 (1.17–10.60) | 0.025 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 0.027 | ||||
| <11 | 1/34 (2.9) | 131/599 (21.9) | |||
| 11–15 | 31/34 (91.2) | 429/599 (71.6) | |||
| >15 | 2/34 (5.9) | 39/599 (6.5) | |||
| Anemia (<120 in male and <110 g/dL in female) | 14/41 (24.1) | 220/791 (27.8) | 0.379 | ||
| C-reactive protein level ≥10 mg/L | 41/43 (95.3) | 596/723 (82.4) | 0.028 | ||
| Procalcitonin level ≥0.5 ng/mL | 28/37 (75.7) | 384/569 (67.5) | 0.30 | ||
| Lactose dehydrogenase ≥250 U/L | 26/41 (63.4) | 339/642 (52.8) | 0.19 | ||
| Aspartate aminotransferase >40 U/L | 14/43 (32.6) | 197/696 (28.3) | 0.55 | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase >40 U/L | 5/42 (11.9) | 117/674 (17.4) | 0.36 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 128.5±174.3 | 77.4±78.1 | 0.06 | ||
| Total bilirubin >17.1 μmol/L | 1/41 (2.4) | 31/656 (4.7) | 0.50 | ||
| Creatinine kinase ≥200 U/L | 8/35 (22.9) | 99/631 (15.7) | 0.26 | ||
| D-dimer ≥0.5 mg/L | 27/41 (65.9) | 168/573 (29.3) | <0.001 | 3.22 (1.48–7.02) | 0.003 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.7±4.9 | 141.4±61.4 | 0.73 | ||
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.9±0.6 | 4.4±0.7 | 0.69 | ||
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 103.6±6.5 | 103.3±6.9 | 0.81 | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | 34.4±6.7 | 37.1±8.6 | 0.038 | ||
| Radiographic findings | |||||
| Abnormalities on chest X-ray, No./total No. (%) | |||||
| Any abnormalities | 12/16 (75.0) | 197/271 (72.7) | 0.84 | ||
| Ground-glass opacity | 7/16 (43.8) | 75/271 (27.7) | 0.17 | ||
| Local patchy shadowing | 10/16 (62.5) | 94/271 (34.7) | 0.025 | ||
| Bilateral patchy shadowing | 9/16 (56.3) | 149/271 (55.0) | 0.92 | ||
| Interstitial abnormalities | 2/16 (12.5) | 21/271 (7.7) | 0.50 | ||
| Abnormalities on chest CT, No./total No. (%) | |||||
| Any abnormalities | 44/49 (89.8) | 759/875 (86.7) | 0.54 | ||
| Ground-glass opacity | 38/49 (77.6) | 528/875 (60.3) | 0.016 | 4.00 (1.85–8.62) | <0.001 |
| Local patchy shadowing | 30/49 (61.2) | 362/875 (41.4) | 0.006 | 2.29 (1.18–4.46) | 0.014 |
| Bilateral patchy shadowing | 31/49 (63.3) | 487/875 (55.7) | 0.30 | ||
| Interstitial abnormalities | 25/49 (51.0) | 173/875 (19.8) | <0.001 | 4.06 (2.01–8.19) | <0.001 |
P values for continuous variables were calculated by Student’s t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and P values for categorical variables were calculated by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. *, adjusted for age, sex, smoking status and other comorbidities (including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, hepatitis B infection, cancer, chronic renal diseases, immunodeficiency), no significance (P≥0.05) was not shown in the table. Odds ratio >1 means that more people in COPD than Non-COPD in variables. Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary; IQR, interquartile range; SpO2, saturation of pulse oxygen; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; CT, computed tomography.