Table S1. Clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | COPD (N=38) | Non-COPD (N=405) | P values | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (COPD vs. non-COPD)* | P values for adjustment* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) (years) | 69.5 (65.8–76.5) | 55.0 (47.0–64.9) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Age groups, No./total No. (%) | <0.001 | – | – | ||
| 40–49 years | 0/38 (0.0) | 130/405 (32.1) | |||
| 50–59 years | 2/38 (5.3) | 117/405 (28.9) | |||
| 60–69 years | 17/38 (44.7) | 107/405 (26.4) | |||
| 70–79 years | 13/38 (34.2) | 43/405 (10.6) | |||
| ≥80 years | 6/38 (15.8) | 8/405 (2.0) | |||
| Male, No./total No. (%) | 34/38 (89.5) | 233/405 (57.5) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Smoking history, No./total No. (%) | <0.001 | – | – | ||
| Never smokers | 17/38 (44.7) | 355/405 (87.7) | |||
| Smoking | 20/38 (52.6) | 47/405 (11.6) | |||
| Ex-smokers | 17/20 (85.0) | 37/47 (78.7) | |||
| Current smokers | 3/20 (15.0) | 10/47 (21.3) | |||
| Coexisting disorders, No./total No. (%) | – | – | |||
| Any | 38/38 (100.0) | 135/405 (33.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Diabetes | 6/38 (15.8) | 46/405 (11.4) | 0.42 | ||
| Hypertension | 13/38 (38.0) | 91/405 (22.5) | 0.10 | ||
| Coronary heart disease | 6/38 (15.8) | 20/405 (4.9) | 0.017 | ||
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 7/38 (18.4) | 8/405 (2.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Hepatitis B infection | 1/38 (2.6) | 11/405 (2.7) | 0.98 | ||
| Cancer | 1/38 (2.6) | 6/405 (1.5) | 0.47 | ||
| Chronic renal diseases | 3/38 (7.9) | 7/405 (1.7) | 0.046 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 0/38 (0.0) | 0/405 (0.2) | |||
| Symptoms, No./total No. (%) | |||||
| Conjunctival congestion | 0/38 (0.0) | 0/405 (0.0) | |||
| Nasal congestion | 1/38 (2.0) | 20/405 (4.9) | 0.52 | ||
| Headache | 2/38 (5.3) | 55/405 (13.6) | 0.20 | ||
| Cough | 23/38 (60.5) | 278/405 (68.6) | 0.31 | ||
| Sore throat | 4/38 (10.5) | 38/405 (9.4) | 0.77 | ||
| Sputum production | 8/38 (21.1) | 137/405 (33.8) | 0.11 | ||
| Fatigue | 23/38 (60.5) | 171/405 (42.2) | 0.030 | 3.44 (1.51–7.83) | 0.003 |
| Hemoptysis | 1/38 (2.6) | 5/405 (1.2) | 0.42 | ||
| Shortness of breath | 27/38 (71.1) | 108/405 (26.7) | <0.001 | 5.46 (2.22–13.41) | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 2/38 (5.3) | 21/405 (5.2) | 0.98 | ||
| Diarrhea | 8/38 (21.1) | 13/405 (3.2) | <0.001 | 5.45 (1.51–19.66) | 0.010 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 6/38 (15.8) | 58/405 (14.3) | 0.81 | ||
| Chill | 3/38 (7.9) | 57/405 (14.1) | 0.29 | ||
| Signs, No./total No. (%) | – | – | |||
| Temperature | – | – | |||
| Patients during hospitalization, No./total No. (%) | 34/38 (89.5) | 352/405 (86.9) | 0.80 | ||
| Median temperature on admission (IQR), °C | 37.0 (36.5-37.7) | 37.2 (36.6-38.0) | 0.42 | ||
| Distribution of temperature on admission, No./total No. (%) | 0.55 | ||||
| <37.5 | 26/37 (70.3) | 239/390 (61.3) | |||
| 37.5–38.5 | 8/37 (21.6) | 105/390 (26.9) | |||
| >39 | 3/37 (8.1) | 46/390 (11.8) | |||
| Respiratory rate on admission (IQR), breaths/min | 21 [20–28] | 20 [20–21] | 0.011 | ||
| Throat congestion | 0/38 (0.0) | 6/405 (1.5) | 0.45 | ||
| Tonsil swelling | 0/38 (0.0) | 8/405 (2.0) | 0.38 | ||
| Enlargement of lymph nodes | 0/38 (0.0) | 0/405 (0.1) | |||
| Rash | 0/38 (0.0) | 1/405 (0.2) | 0.76 | ||
| Unconscious | 3/38 (7.9) | 6/405 (1.5) | 0.034 | 7.13 (1.11–46.02) | 0.039 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (interquartile range). P values for continuous variables were calculated by Student’s t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and P values for categorical variables were calculated by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. *, adjusted for age, sex, smoking status and other comorbidities (including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, hepatitis B infection, cancer, chronic renal diseases, immunodeficiency), no significance (P≥0.05) was not shown in the table. Odds ratio >1 means that more people in COPD than non-COPD in variables.