Table 4. Common complications of medical thoracoscopy.

Preoperative complication	Intraoperative complication	Postoperative complications
Air embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, and pain during artificial pneumothorax	Pain	Re-expansion pulmonary edema
Hypoventilation and dyspnea after artificial pneumothorax	Hypoxemia	Pain
Allergic reaction to local anesthesia	Hypoventilation	Fever
	Arrhythmia	Incision infection
	Hypotension	Hypotension
	Hemorrhage	Empyema
	Injury of the lungs or other organs	Subcutaneous emphysema
		Lasting pneumothorax
		Long time gas leakage
		Lasting pleural effusion
		Complications after talc spraying
		Chest wall dissemination of tumor cell
		Death