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. 2020 Apr 22;150(7):1845–1851. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa101

TABLE 1.

Daily energy and nutrient intake at baseline and week 12 in healthy young men with high or low relative protein intakes at breakfast1

HBR (n = 12) LBR (n = 14) Repeated measures ANOVA
Baseline Week 12 Baseline Week 12 Group Time Group × time
Total
 Energy, kcal 2599 ± 132 2456 ± 147 2453 ± 106 2543 ± 114 0.837 0.799 0.274
 Protein, g 80.9 ± 4.63 89.4 ± 5.51 83.1 ± 4.91 97.1 ± 3.46 0.384 0.004 0.444
 Protein, g/kg BW 1.23 ± 0.08 1.30 ± 0.07 1.27 ± 0.07 1.45 ± 0.04 0.234 0.019 0.314
 Fat, g 80.9 ± 6.91 84.4 ± 8.22 74.7 ± 4.48 94.5 ± 5.55 0.784 0.049 0.158
 Carbohydrate, g 374 ± 20.2 323 ± 16.4 343 ± 16.8 315 ± 15.1 0.331 0.014 0.433
Breakfast
 Energy, kcal 508 ± 82.0 374 ± 2.00 434 ± 73.8 287 ± 0.89 0.157 0.018 0.909
 Protein, g 15.5 ± 2.30 22.6 ± 0.02† 13.6 ± 2.64 7.68 ± 0.03*† <0.001 0.729 0.001
 Protein, g/kg BW 0.23 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.01† 0.21 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.00*† 0.001 0.976 0.002
 Fat, g 16.2 ± 3.29 13.5 ± 0.37 14.1 ± 2.72 11.6 ± 0.16 0.346 0.251 0.976
 Carbohydrate, g 74.1 ± 13.0 42.5 ± 0.37 62.2 ± 10.5 40.4 ± 0.15 0.405 0.003 0.557
Lunch
 Energy, kcal 730 ± 57.8 921 ± 53.2 796 ± 43.2 943 ± 56.2 0.422 0.003 0.674
 Protein, g 21.7 ± 2.54 31.8 ± 2.68 26.9 ± 2.18 30.0 ± 1.71 0.535 0.001 0.056
 Protein, g/kg BW 0.33 ± 0.04 0.46 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.03 0.354 0.003 0.090
 Fat, g 21.2 ± 2.42 31.1 ± 3.42 20.0 ± 2.42 34.4 ± 2.95 0.728 <0.001 0.415
 Carbohydrate, g 110 ± 8.70 122 ± 7.56 123 ± 6.33 124 ± 7.61 0.274 0.423 0.505
Dinner
 Energy, kcal 1144 ± 72.5 1038 ± 98.4 1121 ± 75.5 1147 ± 82.2 0.656 0.561 0.339
 Protein, g 39.7 ± 3.59 32.4 ± 3.06 40.8 ± 3.70 55.4 ± 3.17*† 0.007 0.184 <0.001
 Protein, g/kg BW 0.60 ± 0.06 0.48 ± 0.05 0.62 ± 0.05 0.83 ± 0.04*† 0.002 0.326 <0.001
 Fat, g 36.7 ± 5.50 36.8 ± 5.72 36.5 ± 4.27 43.1 ± 5.21 0.607 0.458 0.469
 Carbohydrate, g 155 ± 6.78 135 ± 11.9 143 ± 9.69 126 ± 8.97 0.367 0.025 0.875
1

Values are means ± SEs. *Different from HBR at that time; †different from baseline within a group; P < 0.05. BW, body weight; HBR, “high breakfast”—consuming a protein-enriched meal at breakfast to achieve a protein intake >0.24 g/kg BW at all 3 meals; LBR, “low breakfast”—consuming a provided meal at breakfast to achieve a protein intake >0.24 g/kg BW at 2 meals (lunch and dinner).