TABLE 2.
ORs (95% CIs) for moderate and poor SCF, compared with good SCF assessed in 2012–2014, associated with quintiles of the total carotenoid intake in 1984–2006 of 49,493 women in the Nurses’ Health Study1
| Quintile of intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total carotenoids (energy-adjusted) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend |
| n | 9898 | 9899 | 9899 | 9899 | 9898 | |
| Median, mg/d | 9.40 | 12.2 | 14.4 | 17.0 | 21.7 | |
| Moderate SCF | ||||||
| Age-adjusted model | Ref. | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 12 | Ref. | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.91) | 0.78 (0.74, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Model 23 | Ref. | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Poor SCF | ||||||
| Age-adjusted model | Ref. | 0.83 (0.76, 0.91) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) | 0.51 (0.46, 0.56) | <0.001 |
| Model 12 | Ref. | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.76) | 0.56 (0.51, 0.62) | <0.001 |
| Model 23 | Ref. | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) | <0.001 |
Values are ORs (95% CIs) unless otherwise indicated. Ref., reference; SCF, subjective cognitive function.
Multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age, race (white, other), education (registered nurse, bachelor's degree, graduate degree), husband education (high school degree or less, college degree, or graduate school), parental history of dementia (yes/no), smoking (never, ≤4, 5–24, >24 pack-years), cancer (yes/no), hypertension diagnosis (yes/no), depression, elevated cholesterol (yes/no), physical activity level (metabolic equivalent of tasks, h/wk; quintiles) and BMI (<23, 23-24.9, 25-29.9, ≥30 kg/m2) from 1984–2006, cardiovascular disease (yes/no), multivitamin use (yes/no), alcohol intake, total calorie intake, number of dietary assessments, postmenopausal status and hormone replacement therapy use, and parity (nulliparous, 1, ≥2).
Multivariable model 2 was also adjusted for intakes of vitamins C, D, and E, anthocyanidins, trans-fat, saturated fat, and long-chain n–3 fatty acids.