TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the China Health and Nutrition Survey according to categories of animal cooking fat and plant cooking oil consumption1
| Categories of animal cooking fat intake | Categories of plant cooking oil intake | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumers | Consumers | |||||||||
| Characteristics | Nonconsumers | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend2 | Nonconsumers | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend2 |
| n | 10,675 | 1449 | 1449 | 1449 | 855 | 4722 | 4723 | 4722 | ||
| Oil/fat intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤9.6 | 9.7–22.1 | ≥22.2 | 0 | ≤23.4 | 23.5–34.9 | ≥35.0 | ||
| Male | 46.4 | 50.0 | 47.6 | 45.8 | 0.72 | 49.1 | 50.7 | 46.7 | 42.8 | <0.001 |
| Married | 80.2 | 85.1 | 80.9 | 79.7 | 0.60 | 67.6 | 78.0 | 83.0 | 83.5 | <0.001 |
| Age, y | 43.1 ± 0.1 | 42.8 ± 0.4 | 42.3 ± 0.4 | 43.9 ± 0.4 | 0.61 | 41.5 ± 0.6 | 41.2 ± 0.2 | 42.9 ± 0.2 | 45.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 ± 0.0 | 21.8 ± 0.1 | 21.4 ± 0.1 | 21.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 21.3 ± 0.1 | 21.9 ± 0.0 | 22.2 ± 0.1 | 22.6 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Individual income,3 yuan | 7329 ± 124 | 5651 ± 229 | 5269 ± 203 | 5570 ± 317 | <0.001 | 4680 ± 260 | 6523 ± 183 | 6752 ± 163 | 7465 ± 184 | <0.001 |
| High school or above | 14.4 | 11.0 | 7.5 | 6.6 | <0.001 | 6.4 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.1 | <0.001 |
| Moderate to vigorous activity level | 55.5 | 64.9 | 69.6 | 68.7 | <0.001 | 68.8 | 63.2 | 59.1 | 53.1 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 21.9 | 20.2 | 20.6 | 19.5 | 0.02 | 19.7 | 21.0 | 20.6 | 22.7 | 0.02 |
| Alcohol drinker | 26.6 | 22.0 | 22.6 | 22.0 | <0.001 | 22.5 | 24.6 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 0.01 |
| History of hypertension | 11.8 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 6.2 | <0.001 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 14.1 | <0.001 |
| Urban site | 39.6 | 37.6 | 27.7 | 23.5 | <0.001 | 22.9 | 33.4 | 37.0 | 42.0 | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||
| Total energy, kcal/d | 2152 ± 5 | 2207 ± 12 | 2169 ± 12 | 2145 ± 13 | 0.47 | 2076 ± 20 | 2178 ± 7 | 2177 ± 7 | 2135 ± 7 | 0.24 |
| White meat, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 57.3 ± 0.8 | 57.2 ± 1.4 | 40.3 ± 1.5 | 44.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 41.1 ± 2.7 | 48.8 ± 1.2 | 57.7 ± 1.0 | 59.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Red meat, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 88.5 ± 0.9 | 96.9 ± 1.9 | 107.4 ± 2.2 | 108.7 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | 104.6 ± 4.9 | 94.4 ± 1.2 | 94.5 ± 1.2 | 88.2 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 434 ± 2 | 459 ± 5 | 490 ± 5 | 490 ± 5 | <0.001 | 534 ± 11 | 450 ± 3 | 431 ± 3 | 446 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Fruit, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 49.9 ± 0.9 | 32.0 ± 1.5 | 23.1 ± 1.4 | 23.1 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 25.4 ± 3.2 | 35.8 ± 1.1 | 47.5 ± 1.2 | 49.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
1
n = 15,022. Values are means ± SEs or percentages unless otherwise indicated. T, tertile.
2
P-trend values for categorical variables were analyzed by Cochran–Armitage tests and the t test for slope was used for continuous variables in generalized linear models.
3
Individual income was inflated to 2009.