TABLE 2.
Associations between consumption of individual cooking oils/fats and type 2 diabetes risk among Chinese adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey1
| Categories of cooking oil/fat intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumers | ||||||
| Nonconsumers | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend | P nonlinearity | |
| Animal cooking fats | ||||||
| Fat intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤9.6 | 9.7–22.1 | ≥22.2 | ||
| Cases/n | 709/10,675 | 119/1449 | 92/1449 | 94/1449 | ||
| Person-years | 115,364 | 17,508 | 17,387 | 17,447 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.02 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.09, 1.64) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.59) | 1.32 (1.04, 1.68) | 0.004 | 0.06 |
| Lard | ||||||
| Fat intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤9.7 | 9.8–22.1 | ≥22.2 | ||
| Cases/n | 715/10,730 | 117/1430 | 90/1431 | 92/1431 | ||
| Person-years | 115,990 | 17,300 | 17,198 | 17,218 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97) | 0.02 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.08, 1.63) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) | 1.31 (1.03, 1.67) | 0.007 | 0.07 |
| Other animal cooking fats3 | ||||||
| Fat intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | >0 | — | — | ||
| Cases/n | 1001/14,842 | 13/180 | — | — | ||
| Person-years | 165,451 | 2256 | — | — | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.51, 1.52) | — | — | 0.65 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.53, 1.61) | — | — | 0.78 | 0.65 |
| Plant cooking oils | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤23.4 | 23.5–34.9 | ≥35.0 | ||
| Cases/n | 127/855 | 313/4722 | 238/4723 | 264/4722 | ||
| Person-years | 9607 | 54,127 | 53,020 | 50,951 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.44 (1.53, 3.88) | 3.07 (1.93, 4.87) | 3.64 (2.30, 5.76) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.82 (1.14, 2.91) | 2.13 (1.33, 3.41) | 2.37 (1.49, 3.79) | <0.001 | 0.12 |
| Peanut oil | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤18.0 | 18.1–30.4 | ≥30.5 | ||
| Cases/n | 584/9730 | 159/1764 | 139/1764 | 132/1764 | ||
| Person-years | 108,050 | 20,487 | 19,744 | 19,425 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) | 1.23 (1.02, 1.48) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 0.08 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.43) | 1.42 (1.16, 1.73) | 1.36 (1.10, 1.66) | <0.001 | 0.16 |
| Soybean oil | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤16.3 | 16.4–31.1 | ≥31.2 | ||
| Cases/n | 606/10,124 | 176/1632 | 111/1633 | 121/1633 | ||
| Person-years | 114,000 | 18,374 | 17,865 | 17,468 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.87 (1.58, 2.21) | 1.34 (1.09, 1.64) | 1.39 (1.15, 1.69) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.37 (1.14, 1.64) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) | 0.23 | 0.49 |
| Canola oil | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤10.9 | 11.0–23.2 | ≥23.3 | ||
| Cases/n | 711/10,491 | 123/1510 | 95/1511 | 85/1510 | ||
| Person-years | 114,301 | 18,936 | 17,629 | 16,842 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 0.01 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.96, 1.46) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.49) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) | 0.17 | 0.70 |
| Refined blended plant oil | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤8.6 | 8.7–20.3 | ≥20.4 | ||
| Cases/n | 720/11,975 | 108/1015 | 96/1016 | 90/1016 | ||
| Person-years | 133,560 | 11,945 | 11,340 | 10,861 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.71 (1.39, 2.09) | 1.53 (1.24, 1.90) | 1.44 (1.15, 1.79) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.43 (1.16, 1.76) | 1.43 (1.15, 1.79) | 1.42 (1.12, 1.82) | <0.001 | 0.08 |
| Sesame oil | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤0.4 | 0.5–1.7 | ≥1.8 | ||
| Cases/n | 781/12,906 | 94/705 | 68/706 | 71/705 | ||
| Person-years | 144,692 | 7881 | 7471 | 7663 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.38 (1.92, 2.95) | 1.66 (1.30, 2.13) | 1.52 (1.19, 1.94) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.54 (1.23, 1.92) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.34) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) | 0.43 | 0.44 |
| Other plant cooking oils4 | ||||||
| Oil intake, g · 2000 kcal−1 · d−1 | 0 | ≤5.0 | 5.1–11.2 | ≥11.3 | ||
| Cases/n | 766/12,642 | 86/793 | 77/794 | 85/793 | ||
| Person-years | 140,206 | 9812 | 9591 | 8097 | ||
| Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.50 (1.20, 1.87) | 1.38 (1.09, 1.75) | 1.89 (1.51, 2.36) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1.00 | 1.43 (1.14, 1.80) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 1.60 (1.27, 2.01) | <0.001 | 0.046 |
HRs (95% CIs) were estimated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression models. Consumers of other animal cooking fats were categorized into 1 group (T1). T, tertile.
The multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5–23.9, 24–27.9, or ≥28), education (less than high school, high school, some college, or at least college), marital status (never married, married or living as married, widowed/divorced/separated, or unknown), income (quartile), site (urban or rural), physical activity (no regular activity, low to moderate activity, or vigorous activity), smoking (never, former, current, or unknown), alcohol drinking status (abstainer or drinker), history of hypertension (yes, no, or unknown), and intakes of total energy, white meat, red meat, fruit, vegetables, and remaining cooking oils/fats.
Other animal cooking fats include beef tallow, duck grease, and mutton tallow.
Other plant cooking oils include cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, corn oil, tea seed oil, and olive oil.