Figure 1.

(A) DMN hub regions included in analyses across most studies in the present review denoted in yellow circles—anterior hubs include medial prefrontal regions (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior hubs include the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus (PCUN), lateral hubs include inferior parietal lobule (IPL), angular gyrus (AG), and medial temporal regions such as parahippocampal gyrus (PHG); (B) Intra-DMN connectivity findings across ASD adolescent studies (left panel)—Underconnectivity findings (denoted by blue dots) mostly involve the posterior hubs of the DMN. Thicker lines such as between the PCC/PCUN and the anterior hubs of the DMN (mPFC, ACC) denote overlapping findings across multiple studies, with thinner lines indicating underconnectivity within DMN regions found in fewer studies. Overconnectivity findings (denoted by red dots) for the ASD group involve the anterior hubs of the DMN slightly more prominently than the posterior hubs on the DMN. Thicker lines such as between the mPFC and left and right IPL denote overlapping findings across multiple studies, with thinner lines indicating overconnectivity within DMN regions found in fewer studies. Intra-DMN connectivity findings for EOP adolescent group are depicted in the right panel—Underconnectivity within the DMN regions (blue dots) was found by fewer studies for this group indicated by thinner lines, while overconnectivity (red dots) was mostly found within the anterior and posterior hubs of the DMN; (C) Inter-DMN connectivity findings across ASD adolescent studies (left panel)—Underconnectivity findings (denoted by blue dots) mostly involve the posterior hub (PCC/PCUN) of the DMN especially in its connectivity with prefrontal regions and the right anterior insula (rAI) hub of the salience network denoted by thicker lines with additional findings of underconnectivity between DMN and other brain regions denoted by thinner lines. Overconnectivity findings (denoted by red dots) for the ASD group also involve the posterior hubs of the DMN mostly with somatomotor regions as well as anterior hubs of the DMN with the salience network hub (rAI) denoted by thicker lines. Other regions demonstrating overconnectivity with the DMN for the ASD group are denoted by thinner lines. Inter-DMN connectivity findings for EOP adolescent group are depicted in the left panel—Underconnectivity between anterior DMN hubs and left temporal lobe was most prominently found across studies depicted by thicker lines, with additional findings of underconnectivity between both the anterior and posterior hubs of the DMN and other brain regions denoted by thinner lines. On the other hand, overconnectivity in the EOP group was predominant between DMN hubs (both anterior and posterior) and the subcortex and cerebellum highlighted by thicker lines, with additional overconnectivity between DMN hubs and other brain regions denoted by thinner lines. Additional abbreviations used in figure: PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; AG, angular gyrus; LatP, lateral parietal lobule; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; PreCG, precentral gyrus; POSTCG, postcentral gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus; TPJ, temporoparietal junction; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus; FFA, fusiform face area; SPG, superior parietal gyrus; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; CING, cingulate gyrus; Thal, thalamus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrus; PUT, putamen.