Table 2.
Summary of demographic details and results for studies on DMN functional connectivity in adolescents with EOP.
| Study | Sample Size | Age | Sex (F%) | IQ | Patient Characteristics | Analysis | Results for EOP group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (EOP/TD) | EOP Mean (SD) | TD Mean (SD) | EOP/TD | |||||
| 105 | 64 (32/32) | 16.2(1.2) | 16.4(0.9) | 53.1%/50% | EOP=9.4 ± 1.5 TD=9.7 ± 0.7 |
Youth with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
ICA/ALFF | Overconnectivity between mPFC and other areas of the DMN. |
| 106 | 67 (37/30) | 15.5(1.8) | 15.3(1.6) | 54.1%/43.3% | EOP=8.5 ± 1.48 TD=8.7 ± 1.42 IQ > 70 both groups |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SBA | Underconnectivity between rMTG seed region of DMN and lITG, lFFA, lPHG, as well as between DMN and visual network regions. |
| 107 | 102 (31/37) UHR 34 |
20.61(4.42) UHR 21.50(3.53) |
20.76(3.08) | 38.7%/51.4% UHR 38.2% |
EOP=6.26 ± 4.27 UHR =6.26 ± 4.13 TD=5.46 ± 1.87 |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset UHR included brief intermittent psychotic syndrome, attenuated positive symptom syndrome, and genetic risk and deterioration syndrome |
SBA | Overconnectivity between DMN (PCUN/PCC, mPFC) and cerebellum in both EOP and UHR groups; with UHR group showing stronger patterns of cerebellar-DMN connectivity than EOP group. |
| 108 | 65 (35/30) | 15.5(1.8) | 15.3(1.6) | 42.9%/56.7% | EOP=8.5 ± 1.48 TD=8.7 ± 1.42 |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SBA/ALFF | Lower ALFF values in vPCUN, along with underconnectivity between vPCUN and dPCUN as well as midcingulate cortex (MCC). |
| 89 | 66 (35/31) | 15.6(1.8) | 15.4(1.6) | 42.86%/58.06% | Not Reported | Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SVM | Atypical connectivity within DMN and salience network in both EOP and ASD. Distinct atypical connectivity for EOP was between DMN-salience connectivity. |
| 109 | 51 (32/19) | AVH 21.24(3.85) Non-AVH 22.53(4.07) |
23.79(3.75) | AVH 41.18% Non-AVH 46.67% TD 47.37% |
AVH=13.71 ± 1.93 Non-AVH= 13.40 ± 1.55 TD=14.74 ± 2.26 |
Patients with schizophrenia experiencing AVHs vs. Patients with schizophrenia not experiencing AVHs |
ICA/ALFF | Higher signal amplitude within-DMN regions (mPFC, ACC, PCC, AG, rSPG) along with increased prefrontal cortex-DMN coactivation in patients with AVHs versus non-AVH patients. AVH patients also demonstrated more atypical ALFF values in PCUN than non-AVH patients. |
| 110 | 65 (35/30) | 15.5(1.8) | 15.3(1.6) | 42.9%/56.7% | EOP=8.5 ± 1.48 TD=8.7 ± 1.42 |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
DFC | Underconnectivity in PCUN hub of DMN in slow-4 frequency band, but no significant group differences in slow-5 frequency band. |
| 111 | 79 (48/31) | 15.79(1.64) | 15.42(1.52) | 56.3%/54.8% | EOP=8.88 ± 1.95 TD=8.44 ± 1.56 IQ > 70 both groups |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SVM/ReHo | Decreased ReHo values in rPre-CG, lPost-CG, rIPL, rMFG, bilateral PCUN, left superior temporal gyrus (lSTG), left paracentral lobule regions of the DMN. Reho values in bilateral PCUN and rIPL especially discriminated patients with 91.67% sensitivity, 87.1% specificity, and 89.87% accuracy. |
| 112 | 79 (48/31) | 15.79(1.64) | 15.42(1.52) | 56.3/54.8% | EOP=8.88 ± 1.95 TD=8.44 ± 1.56 IQ > 70 both groups |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SVM | Mixed results with underconnectivity of both long- and short-range networks involving posterior DMN hubs, and overconnectivity of both long- and short -range networks involving anterior DMN hubs. |
| 113 | 79 (48/31) | 15.79(1.64) | 15.42(1.52) | 56.3/54.8% | EOP=8.88 ± 1.95 TD=8.44 ± 1.56 |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SVM/ReHo | Mixed results with increased ReHo values in mPFC hub of DMN, and decreased ReHo values in lSTG, rPre-CG, rIPL, and left paracentral lobule; this combination was able to discriminate patients from controls with the sensitivity of 88.24%, specificity of 91.89%, and accuracy of 90.14%. |
| 114 | 86 (48/38) | AVH 24.32(8.46) Non-AVH 24.35(6.94) |
25.44(7.52) | AVH 53.5% Non-AVH 50% TD 55.3% |
AVH=11.29 ± 3.00 Non-AVH= 11.70 ± 2.60 TD=13.34 ± 3.58 |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia experiencing AVHs vs. Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia not experiencing AVHs < 2 years illness onset for both groups |
GCA | Mixed results with underconnectivity between DMN hubs (mPFC, PCC) and left inferior temporal gyrus (lITG), lSTG, bilateral cingulate gyrus, bilateral thalamus, left insula, and left cerebellum, with overconnectivity between hub regions and left cingulate gyrus, right putamen, rMFG, right thalamus, and left cerebellum. AVH patients demonstrated underconnectivity between aMPFC and lITG, as well as PCC to left cerebellum, lITG, and rMFG compared to non-AVH patients. |
| 115 | 65 (35/30) | 15.5(1.8) | 15.3(1.6) | 42.9/56.7% | EOP=8.5 ± 1.48 TD=8.7 ± 1.42 |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
DFC | Mixed results with underconnectivity between lPCUN hub of DMN and lMTG in state2, and overconnectivity in rPCUN, rSMG, and right putamen in state 4. |
| 116 | 68 (27/41) | 18.1(1.6) | 17.8(1.6) | 59.3%/56.1% | EOP=92.8 ± 15.7* TD=104.1 ± 9.8* |
Youth with early onset psychosis including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, bipolar spectrum disorders, and psychosis not otherwise specified < 2 years illness onset |
ICA | Underconnectivity of mPFC hub of DMN in EOP group compared to TD controls, and connectivity additionally decreased with age in EOP where it increased with age in TD controls. |
| 117 | 79 (48/31) | 15.79(1.64) | 15.42(1.52) | 56.3%/54.8% | EOP=8.88 ± 1.95 TD=8.44 ± 1.56 IQ > 70 both groups |
Drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia < 2 years illness onset |
SVM/NH | Mixed results with higher NH values in left mPFC and lower NH values in bilateral PCC/PCUN in EOP group compared to TD controls. |
*Study reported IQ scores instead of education in years for demographic characteristics.