Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Main Study Cohort, Before and After Propensity Score Matching of Treatment Groups.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 7747) | Unmatched | Matched | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Using NSAIDs (n = 520) | Not using NSAIDs (n = 7227) | SMD | Using NSAIDs (n = 520) | Not using NSAIDs (n = 520) | SMD | ||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 71 (59-80) | 66 (54-74) | 71 (60-80) | 0.36 | 66 (54-74) | 64 (55-75) | 0.02 |
| Men | 3980 (51.4) | 232 (44.6) | 3748 (51.9) | 0.15 | 232 (44.6) | 238 (45.8) | 0.02 |
| Current drug use | |||||||
| Antihypertensives | 5600 (72.3) | 363 (69.8) | 5237 (72.5) | 0.06 | 363 (69.8) | 343 (66.0) | 0.08 |
| Antidiabetics | 1503 (19.4) | 102 (19.6) | 1401 (19.4) | 0.01 | 102 (19.6) | 104 (20.0) | 0.01 |
| Low-dose aspirin | 1853 (23.9) | 101 (19.4) | 1752 (24.2) | 0.12 | 101 (19.4) | 101 (19.4) | 0.00 |
| Immunosuppressants | 173 (2.2) | 14 (2.7) | 159 (2.2) | 0.03 | 14 (2.7) | 16 (3.1) | 0.02 |
| Recent antibiotics | 1839 (23.7) | 159 (30.6) | 1680 (23.2) | 0.17 | 159 (30.6) | 142 (27.3) | 0.07 |
| Monotherapy β-lactams | 1039 (13.4) | 78 (15.0) | 961 (13.3) | 0.05 | 78 (15.0) | 64 (12.3) | 0.08 |
| β-lactams combined with β-lactamase inhibitors | 404 (5.2) | 41 (7.9) | 363 (5.0) | 0.12 | 41 (7.9) | 38 (7.3) | 0.02 |
| Macrolides | 383 (4.9) | 39 (7.5) | 344 (4.8) | 0.11 | 39 (7.5) | 39 (7.5) | 0.00 |
| Quinolones | 81 (1.0) | 5 (1.0) | 76 (1.1) | 0.01 | 5 (1.0) | <5 (NA) | NA |
| Opioids | 2179 (28.1) | 232 (44.6) | 1947 (26.9) | 0.38 | 232 (44.6) | 224 (43.1) | 0.03 |
| Nonbenzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists | 797 (10.3) | 80 (15.4) | 717 (9.9) | 0.16 | 80 (15.4) | 78 (15.0) | 0.01 |
| Benzodiazepines | 997 (12.9) | 79 (15.2) | 918 (12.7) | 0.07 | 79 (15.2) | 63 (12.1) | 0.09 |
| First-generation antipsychotics | 204 (2.6) | 27 (5.2) | 177 (2.4) | 0.14 | 27 (5.2) | 32 (6.2) | 0.04 |
| Second-generation antipsychotics | 330 (4.3) | 29 (5.6) | 301 (4.2) | 0.07 | 29 (5.6) | 21 (4.0) | 0.07 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids | 1042 (13.5) | 98 (18.8) | 944 (13.1) | 0.16 | 98 (18.8) | 91 (17.5) | 0.03 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 1361 (17.6) | 115 (22.1) | 1246 (17.2) | 0.12 | 115 (22.1) | 117 (22.5) | 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Asthma | 816 (10.5) | 64 (12.3) | 752 (10.4) | 0.06 | 64 (12.3) | 62 (11.9) | 0.01 |
| COPD | 1709 (22.1) | 113 (21.7) | 1596 (22.1) | 0.01 | 113 (21.7) | 114 (21.9) | 0.00 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3006 (38.8) | 146 (28.1) | 2860 (39.6) | 0.24 | 146 (28.1) | 133 (25.6) | 0.06 |
| Ischaemic stroke | 865 (11.2) | 51 (9.8) | 814 (11.3) | 0.05 | 51 (9.8) | 52 (10.0) | 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 323 (4.2) | 17 (3.3) | 306 (4.2) | 0.05 | 17 (3.3) | 20 (3.8) | 0.03 |
| Liver disease | 258 (3.3) | 20 (3.8) | 238 (3.3) | 0.03 | 20 (3.8) | 25 (4.8) | 0.05 |
| Alcohol-related disorders | 549 (7.1) | 40 (7.7) | 509 (7.0) | 0.02 | 40 (7.7) | 40 (7.7) | 0.00 |
| Dementia | 250 (3.2) | 8 (1.5) | 242 (3.3) | 0.12 | 8 (1.5) | 9 (1.7) | 0.02 |
| Cancer | 1779 (23.0) | 117 (22.5) | 1662 (23.0) | 0.01 | 117 (22.5) | 106 (20.4) | 0.05 |
| HIV | 23 (0.3) | <5 (NA) | NA | NA | <5 (NA) | NA | NA |
| Obesity | 631 (8.1) | 47 (9.0) | 584 (8.1) | 0.03 | 47 (9.0) | 45 (8.7) | 0.01 |
| Hemiplegia and paraplegia | 103 (1.3) | 6 (1.2) | 97 (1.3) | 0.02 | 6 (1.2) | 8 (1.5) | 0.03 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SMD, standardized mean difference.