Figure 3.

Intracellular trafficking of EV-coated multi-antigenic nanovaccines and ROS generation for enhancing proteasome activity. (A-B) Cell uptake by DC2.4 cells and BMDCs determined by flow cytometry at 1, 2 and 4 h post-incubation with EV-coated nanovaccines. (C) Photothermally triggered endosomal escape. Confocal images of BMDCs treated with EV-coated nanovaccines without (left) and with (right) laser irradiation. Endosomes were stained with LysoTracker™ Red. EVs were labelled with DiO (green). Scale bar: 10 µm. (D) Effect of EV-coated hybrid nanovaccines on ROS generation in BMDCs under laser irradiation using H₂DCFDA as an ROS tracker that was quantified by flow cytometry. (E) Proteasome activity in BMDCs was analyzed by a fluorometric assay kit. Data are presented as the means ± SD (n = 3). ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.005, vs the indicated groups.