IL-1β mediated PCSK9 and its role in regulating of LDLr expression and LDL-C level. (A) and (B) Flow cytometry analysis for LDLr expression in endothelial cells (ECs) or smooth muscle cells (SMCs) co-cultured with mice peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) from both WT and PCSK9-/- mice. (C) Expression of LDLr and PCSK9 in primary hepatocytes that co-cultured with LPS-primed macrophages. MPMs were primed with 100 ng/ml LPS for 6h, followed by incubation with 5 mM ATP or 20 μM nigericin for 1h. (D) Serum LDL-C levels in WT mice, WT mice treated with IL-1β, and IL-1β-/- mice at 24 weeks fed SD or HDF-C. Bar graphs represent data compiled from three independent experiments (n=5 mice per genotype in cell experiments and n=11 mice per genotype in animal experiments), shown as mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 vs. indicated group.