Table 1.

Definitions of Outcomes, Covariates and Reasons for not Seeking Help

Outcomes
Informal disclosure	Have you ever told anyone about these experiences [of violence]? Responses: e.g. family, relatives, partners, friends, neighbours.
Knowledge of where to seek formal help	Do you know a hospital or clinic, police station, social worker, teacher child protection network, NGO or FBO to go to for help? Responses: [1 = Yes; 0 = No]
Formal disclosure or help seeking	Have you ever told anyone about these experiences [of violence]? Responses: e.g. hospital/clinic, police station, helpline, social welfare or legal office. Did you try to seek professional help for any of these incidents [of violence]? Responses: [1 = Yes; 0 = No]
Receipt of formal help	Were you successful in receiving any professional help for any of theseincidents [of violence]? Responses: [1 = Yes; 0 =No]
Covariates
Age	Years (numerical)
Educational status	Current school enrolment [1 = Yes; 0 = No]
Parental absence	Biological mother deceased or not living at home [1 = Yes; 0 = No] Biological father deceased or not living at home [1 = Yes; 0 = No]
Household composition	Number of children under age 18 years in household Number of adult females aged 18 and over in household Number of adult males aged 18 and over in household
Female-headed household	[1 = Yes; 0 = No]
Household wealth quintiles	Wealth quintiles are from indices created through factor analysis of household assets and dwelling characteristics, similar to standard methodology from the Demographic and Health Surveys for the analysis sample.
Urban residence	[1 = Urban; 0 = Rural]
Camp	Haiti only; Internally displaced person living in caps/tent settlements resulting from the 2010 earthquake [1 = Yes; 0 = No]
Zanzibar	Tanzania only; [1 = Zanzibar; 0 = Mainland]
Reasons for not seeking help
Lack of awareness	1) Did not know where to go
Lack of access	1) Too far to services
Afraid of repercussions	1) Afraid of causing more violence or getting into trouble; 2) Did not want perpetrator to get into trouble; 3) Was or felt threatened/threatened by perpetrator
Shame and stigma	1) Afraid of being mocked; 2) Embarrassed for self or family; 3) Felt ashamed
Self-blame	1) Felt it was my fault
Financial constraints	1) Could not afford services; 2) Could not afford transport
Lack of social support	1) Afraid of being abandoned; 2) Dependent on perpetrator; 3) No one to help me
Apathy	1) Did not think it was a problem
Perceived helplessness	1) Felt it was useless
Did not need or want services	1) Did not need or want services
Other	1) Other reasons for not seeking help

Abbreviations: FBO faith-based organization; NGO non-governmental organization;

Notes: ^aIndicators comes from a nationally representative sample of children aged 13–17 years from Violence Against Children Surveys. Male and female respondents are asked identical questions

^bSpecific questions for outcomes, by violence type and country, are available in Appendix C-D

^cQuestions on reasons for not seeking help were not asked in Tanzania