Table 3.
Logistic Models Predicting Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Children Aged 13–17 Years Experiencing Physical and/or Sexual Violence in Cambodia, Haiti, and Kenya
| Cambodia | Haiti | Kenya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Informal: Disclosure | Informal: Disclosure | Formal: Disclosure or received help | Informal: Disclosure (sexual violence only) |
Formal: Knowledge of where to seek help | Formal: Disclosure or help seeking | Formal: Received help | |
| Male | 0.76 | 0.38** | 0.57 | 0.21** | 1.10 | 0.66 | 0.88 |
| (0.48, 1.20) | (0.22, 0.67) | (0.31, 1.04) | (0.08, 0.51) | (0.71, 1.72) | (0.26, 1.67) | (0.26, 3.05) | |
| Age in years | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.14 | 0.85 | 1.09 | 1.18 | 0.85 |
| (0.85, 1.22) | (0.76, 1.18) | (0.92, 1.41) | (0.62, 1.17) | (0.92, 1.30) | (0.76, 1.81) | (0.53, 1.36) | |
| Currently enrolled in school | 0.69 | 1.72 | 0.39** | 1.18 | 1.95* | 2.38 | 0.94 |
| (0.40, 1.20) | (0.84, 3.52) | (0.22, 0.72) | (0.40, 3.55) | (1.00, 3.78) | (0.56, 10.20) | (0.24, 3.69) | |
| Not living with biological mother | 1.16 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 3.16 | 1.33 | 2.63 | 1.47 |
| (0.54, 2.49) | (0.48, 1.77) | (0.48, 1.63) | (0.60, 16.56) | (0.72, 2.45) | (0.82, 8.48) | (0.55, 3.95) | |
| Not living with biological father | 1.24 | 1.71 | 0.93 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 1.44 | 1.70 |
| (0.50, 3.07) | (0.95, 3.07) | (0.53, 1.64) | (0.10, 2.12) | (0.49, 1.65) | (0.61, 3.37) | (0.66, 4.38) | |
| Number of children 0–17 years in household | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.27 | 1.10 | 1.18 | 1.04 |
| (0.74, 1.06) | (0.78, 1.15) | (0.86, 1.13) | (0.94, 1.72) | (0.94, 1.27) | (0.96, 1.45) | (0.75, 1.42) | |
| Number of males 18+ in household | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.94 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
| (0.63, 1.21) | (0.75, 1.24) | (0.72, 1.24) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
| Number of females 18+ in household | 0.73 | 0.94 | 1.11 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
| (0.52, 1.02) | (0.69, 1.28) | (0.80, 1.54) | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | |
| Number of adults 18+ in household | † | † | † | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.36 |
| † | † | † | (0.83, 1.39) | (0.92, 1.23) | (0.84, 1.45) | (0.97, 1.92) | |
| Female-headed household | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 1.56 | 1.22 | 0.56 | 0.14** |
| (0.24, 1.37) | (0.32, 1.11) | (0.38, 1.32) | (0.55, 4.41) | (0.63, 2.35) | (0.19, 1.69) | (0.04, 0.55) | |
| Poorer wealth quintile (base = poorest) | 2.19* | 0.51 | 0.97 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.23* | 0.58 |
| (1.00, 4.81) | (0.21, 1.24) | (0.44, 2.15) | (0.21, 2.23) | (0.46, 1.88) | (0.06, 0.80) | (0.12, 2.75) | |
| Middle wealth quintile | 1.50 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.19** | 1.17 | 0.31 | 0.05** |
| (0.66, 3.40) | (0.23, 1.23) | (0.32, 1.77) | (0.06, 0.60) | (0.54, 2.50) | (0.07, 1.27) | (0.01, 0.36) | |
| Richer wealth quintile | 1.35 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 1.06 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
| (0.66, 2.73) | (0.31, 2.04) | (0.19, 1.34) | (0.16, 1.49) | (0.51, 2.17) | (0.15, 1.31) | (0.22, 2.41) | |
| Richest wealth quintile | 2.39 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 1.99 | 0.52 | 0.81 |
| (0.96, 5.97) | (0.29, 2.13) | (0.30, 2.26) | (0.19, 2.36) | (0.91, 4.34) | (0.18, 1.46) | (0.23, 2.87) | |
| Urban | 1.17 | 0.69 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 1.04 |
| (0.60, 2.26) | (0.32, 1.49) | (0.51, 2.63) | (0.31, 3.36) | (0.46, 1.68) | (0.25, 2.15) | (0.24, 4.51) | |
| Campg | § | 2.12 | 2.26 | § | § | § | § |
| § | (0.97, 4.63) | (0.77, 6.62) | § | § | § | § | |
| Observations | 586 | 385 | 1040 | 191 | 1005 | 1005 | 1005 |
Notes: aEstimates are odds ratios, from weighted logistic regression models, with 95% Confidence Intervals in e-form in parentheses; ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05
bData comes from a nationally representative sample of children aged 13–17 years from Violence Against Children Surveys
cSample only includes observations with no missing values for all outcomes
dThe number of adults and children in household refer to the number of adults and children in the same sleeping areas as the respondent
eWealth quintiles are from indices created through factor analysis of household assets and dwelling characteristics, similar to standard methodology from the Demographic and Health Surveys and are age-group specific
fIn Haiti, informal disclosure was asked for experience of sexual violence only. Due to the wording of questions, we were unable to parse out formal disclosure from receiving help for experience of physical violence
gCamp variable refers to internally displaced persons living in camps/tent settlements resulting from the 2010 earthquake. This variable is included only in the Haiti analysis
†Included as number of male adults and number of female adults for Cambodia and Haiti
‡The sex disaggregated number of adults is not available in Kenya
§Camp variable is relevant only for Haiti