. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 2.

Published in final edited form as: J Cell Biochem. 2019 May 20;120(9):14262–14273. doi: 10.1002/jcb.28946

TABLE 1.

Muscle-to-bone signaling

	Effect on bone
Myokines	Bone formation (BF)	Bone resorption (BR)
Myostatin	Inhibits bone formation¹¹	Promotes osteoclastogenesis¹²
IL-6	Increases osteoblast differentiation¹³	Increases osteoclastogenesis¹⁴
IL-7	Inhibits bone formation¹⁵	Upregulates RANKL expression¹⁵
IL-15	Not determined	Promotes preosteoclast differentiation and decreases bone resorption^16,17
IGF-1	Stimulates bone formation¹⁸	Not determined
FGF-2	Stimulates bone formation¹⁹	Not determined
Irisin	Promotes osteoblast differentiation^20,21	Increase bone resorption²²

Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin-6; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.