. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 2.

Published in final edited form as: J Cell Biochem. 2019 May 20;120(9):14262–14273. doi: 10.1002/jcb.28946

TABLE 2.

Bone-to-muscle signaling

Bone-derived factors	Effect on muscle	References
FGF23	Altered myoblasts differentiation	Kido et al²³
Osteocalcin	Increased insulin sensibility, energy metabolism, and protein synthesis	Lee et al,²⁴ Mera et al^25,26
PGE₂	Accelerated proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts	Mo et al^27,28
Wnt-3a	Enhanced C2C12 cell differentiation	Huang et al²⁹
Sclerostin	Altered myoblasts differentiation	Huang et al²⁹
TGF-β	Increased oxidative stress and decreased muscle function	Regan, et al,³⁰ Waning et al³¹

Abbreviations: FGF23, fibroblast growth factor-23; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TGF-β, tumor growth factor-β.