Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios and Prevalence of Alcohol, Drug Use, and Mental Health Conditions by Geographic Category (Urban = Reference, 95% CI), Controlling for Age and Gender
| Prevalence by Geographic Category |
Adjusted Odds Ratios (Urban = Reference) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample (N = 7675) | Urban (N = 1346) | Rural (N = 1989) | Isolated (N = 3198) | Reservation (N = 1142) | Rural AOR (95% CI) | Isolated AOR (95% CI) | Reservation AOR (95% CI) | |
| Mental health screening | ||||||||
| Depression (PHQ-2) | 5.55% | 6.30% | 4.30% | 5.50% | 8.20% | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) | 1.36 (0.83–2.21) |
| Anxiety (GAD-2) | 7.51% | 7.80% | 7.70% | 5.60% | 10.30% | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | 0.76 (0.47–1.23) | 1.31 (0.82–2.10) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PC-PTSD) | 5.98% | 6.40% | 4.80% | 5.90% | 10.30% | 0.74 (0.45–1.22) | 0.99 (0.56–1.74) | 1.62 (0.98–2.68) |
| Alcohol abuse screening | ||||||||
| AUDIT-C positive | 42.39% | 42.80% | 45.50% | 35.80% | 40.60% | 1.13 (0.89–1.42) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98)* | 0.91 (0.68–1.20) |
| AUDIT-C breakpoints | ||||||||
| AUDIT 6+ | 11.49% | 11.40% | 11.60% | 9.80% | 17.60% | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 1.82(1.07–3.08)* |
| AUDIT 9+ | 2.46% | 1.40% | 3.60% | 2.80% | 2.80% | 2.84 (1.50–5.39)* | 2.13 (1.17–3.89)* | 2.28 (1.20–4.33)* |
| Heavy drinkinga | 3.92% | 3.40% | 5.00% | 3.00% | 4.10% | 1.51 (0.84–2.71) | 0.94 (0.57–1.57) | 1.21 (0.63–2.33) |
| Binge drinkingb | 39.10% | 38.60% | 41.60% | 34.90% | 41.60% | 1.17 (0.90–1.53) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) |
| Drug use screening | ||||||||
| Any drug use | 8.33% | 9.50% | 6.20% | 6.40% | 21.40% | 0.65 (0.36–1.17) | 0.75 (0.43–1.31) | 2.78 (1.70–4.52) |
| Marijuana | 6.73% | 8.00% | 4.50% | 5.00% | 18.70% | 0.54 (0.28–1.04) | 0.72 (0.39–1.33) | 2.81 (1.66–4.74) |
| Methamphatamine | 0.37% | 0.20% | 0.30% | 0.60% | 1.70% | 1.22 (0.31–4.71) | 2.69 (0.40–18.13) | 7.33 (1.89–28.41) |
| Prescription pain killers | 1.34% | 1.20% | 1.30% | 1.40% | 2.80% | 1.21 (0.36–4.13) | 1.33 (0.42–4.24) | 2.69 (0.92–7.89) |
| Self-reported medical diagnosis | ||||||||
| Depression | 17.04% | 18.80% | 16.00% | 15.00% | 15.70% | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) |
| Anxiety | 17.62% | 19.60% | 17.80% | 12.40% | 16.90% | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | 0.61 (0.44–0.84)* | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) |
| PTSD | 3.40% | 4.30% | 1.90% | 3.30% | 6.40% | 0.43 (0.24–0.77)* | 0.81 (0.38–1.73) | 1.50 (0.80–2.83) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.69% | 2.30% | 0.40% | 2.10% | 3.50% | 0.18 (0.07–0.47)* | 1.08 (0.39–2.98) | 1.48 (0.55–3.98) |
| Another MH condition | 2.52% | 3.10% | 1.30% | 3.10% | 3.30% | 0.40 (0.23–0.71)* | 1.03 (0.44–2.41) | 1.02 (0.49–2.13) |
| Addiction issues | 2.61% | 2.30% | 2.80% | 2.70% | 3.30% | 1.20 (0.59–2.44) | 1.27 (0.52–3.09) | 1.43 (0.64–3.20) |
*
Indicates significant difference (P < .05) as compared to urban respondents.
a
Heavy drinking is defined as drinking over weekly recommended limits or an average of 8 or more drinks per week for women or 15 or more drinks per week for men.
b
Binge drinking is defined as drinking 5 or more drinks on any one occasion in the past year.