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(A) Basic anatomy of the lungs. (B) The pathophysiology of M. tuberculosis infection. Following M. tuberculosis infection, the bacilli reach the lungs (step 1), provoking a host immune response (step 2). This in turn leads to granuloma formation (step 3), which typically suppresses the infection in its latent state (step 4a). However, reactivation can occur, resulting in an active disease state in which the disease can spread to other individuals (step 4b).
